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West Papuan Highlands languages 
Summary
The West Papuan Highland languages, also known as the Irian Highland languages, are a branch of the Trans–New Guinea language family proposed by Larson & Larson (1972) and confirmed by Timothy Usher.[1] William A. Foley considers their Trans–New Guinea identity to be established.
- Dani (Balim Valley) family
- Paniai Lakes (Wissel Lakes) family
- Amung–Dem
| West Papuan Highlands | |
|---|---|
| Irian Highlands | |
| Geographic distribution | Highlands of Irian Jaya |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | None |
 Map: The Irian Highlands languages of New Guinea
The Irian Highlands families
Other Trans–New Guinea families
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
History edit
Capell linked the Dani languages to Kwerba in 1962, a position followed by Wurm, who included Dani-Kwerba and the Wissel Lakes (Paniai Lakes) languages as branches of Trans–New Guinea. Larson & Larson (1972) proposed that the Dani and Paniai Lakes families, along with the Amung and Dem isolates, grouped together within TNG. Ross (2005) suggests a possible link between Dani and Paniai with his West TNG proposal. Usher confirms Larson & Larson and finds that the Amung and Dem languages are closest to each other.
Lexical comparison edit
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[2] and Usher (2020).[3] The Bayono-Awbono data is from Wilbrink (2004).[4] Neighboring languages not traditionally classified within West Papuan Highlands are also included for comparison.
| family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
| Paniai Lakes | Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect) | migo | iyo | peka | juma | egó | etá | emo | mitoo | kadó | ama | ||
| Paniai Lakes | Proto-Lakes Plain[3] | *kru/i | *kudatiCV | *bri | *ɸidi | *touCV | |||||||
| Dem | Dem | yagabuak | ari; yakuli | eŋgio | yavkasa | abuo | miet | aran; asi | |||||
| Uhunduni | Damal | niŋok | niŋatok | noŋop | naik | dok; nok | nimang | dok; nok | nigip | ||||
| Bayono-Awbono | Bayono[4] | bɑˈbʔ | bɑbʔnɑ | koβokɑ | suki | y ̚ wũtɑmu | eˈbi | tiβu | ˈtɛkuru | kɑ | ɑˈmɑ | ||
| Bayono-Awbono | Awbono[4] | bape | babena | ˑkobka | ˈsuki | ɛˑwontamõ newotomo | epi | tebu | bumi | karaka | |||
| Bayono-Awbono | Kovojab[4] | bɐbe | bɐbenɐ | kɔbɔkɐ | suki | ɛwɔntəmu | ɛbi | tibɯ | kəni | təɾɔʰ | kɯrɯ | kʰɐ | ɐmɐ |
| Bayono-Awbono | Densar[4] | ˈbabi | babaˈmina | kɔbuˈka | s̪uˈki | bɔnteˈmɔn | iˈbi | ˈkibʏn | neˈqa | t̪ɵˈɾɔ | kuˈɾa/[dɪˈba]kɵˈɾu | [digjɔ]qa | ʔaˈma |
| Dani | Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) | mʋkkʋl-oak | nesi | nesakko | neil-ekken | namisaŋ | naik | namili | mep | noak | nakap | neilak | |
| Somahai | Momuna | toko | toko-ate | otu | ija | i jo-ku | janɨ | toko | ke | ||||
| Mek | Proto-Mek[3] | *p[ɔ]t[ɔ]ŋ | *aᵓ | *atiŋ | *jo̝ | *se̝l[ija]mu | *jan | *e̝ne̝ŋ | *jɔk | *mɔᵘm |
| family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna | |||
| Paniai Lakes | Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect) | uka | dodi | ekina | bedo | nipo | pija | meuka; tani | agoo | uwo | bodija | mogo | itá |
| Paniai Lakes | Proto-Lakes Plain | *pri | *tabi | *du | *kuCV | *deida | *kudaide | *kuipade | *kuadi | ||||
| Dem | Dem | nduu | kwa | uwam; uwom | bela | au; onde | niye | uweməja | da; yat | kunu | (da)ŋat | ||
| Uhunduni | Damal | ma | mitim | bow | elato; olem | olemagam | em | ul | o; uk; ut | ka; kanelep | kela | ||
| Bayono-Awbono | Bayono | nɑ | onusimi / tanɛ | nọ | ɑbiwiŋuɑ | [ɔɣ]ɔʁ kumrum | wɑnto | tõ | |||||
| Bayono-Awbono | Awbono | tʰi | gi | nɛ | tanɛ | naʔˑnɛɾɛɣɛɾɛ | abwĩ | wo | urõh | wã tõ | tũ | warʏ | |
| Bayono-Awbono | Kovojab | təɾɔʰ | tʰiˈ | ŋgi | nɛh | tɐne | nɔx | ʌbiŋ | wɔh | ɔx | wɐntõ | tũ | mintɔ̃ |
| Bayono-Awbono | Densar | t̪ɵˈɾɔ | tiːh | geh | ɒ | ni | tuum | ||||||
| Dani | Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) | napɩ | jekke | wam | sʋe | sʋe-kken | e | mo | tuki | i | ettu | helep | kwe |
| Somahai | Momuna | amega | kwoka | uwo | magisaga | kwo | ɨkɨ | iŋga | kukwa | kɨ | |||
| Mek | Proto-Mek | *ami | *gam | *be̝sam | *mak, *mag | *do̝[k] | *gal | *k[ɛ]t[e̝]ŋ | *wal | *m[ɛ/a]g | *o̝ᵘg | *gɛⁱl; *gidig | *bi[t/s]ig |
| family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
| Paniai Lakes | Ekari (Paniai Lake dialect) | jame | eka | nai | ena; kate | wijá | |
| Paniai Lakes | Proto-Lakes Plain | *tau | |||||
| Dem | Dem | ŋo | aluŋ; gago | nenawe | yagaŋ | ugwaŋ | |
| Uhunduni | Damal | me | nem | nowin | amenkak | au; u | |
| Bayono-Awbono | Bayono | kɑrio | o.su | ɛbiʔ | ɛrɛhigo | dɛke | [aβəsərɑŋui]ɑsɑʉrʉ |
| Bayono-Awbono | Awbono | mesi | osu | ɸwi | ɛri | kyâ | ˈkyâmɯrʏ |
| Bayono-Awbono | Kovojab | kʷai | ɔsɯ | ɸi | ɛlexene | qjʌ̃ | qjʌ̃mərugɐ |
| Bayono-Awbono | Densar | jã | ˈjãmɾʏ | ||||
| Dani | Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) | ap | he; hʋmɩ | ettake | oppakke-at | p:ie | |
| Somahai | Momuna | mogo-mearu | nowa- | ||||
| Mek | Proto-Mek | *ge̝l | *si | *de̝-(b) | *[na]tɔn | *b[e̝/ɛ]te̝ne̝ |
References edit
- ^ NewGuineaWorld - West Papuan Highlands
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ a b c Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ a b c d e Wilbrink, Ans (2004). The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture. MA thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.