William A. Penno (1843–1929), known by his stage name William A. Huntley, was a composer, music teacher, and vocal and instrumental performer in minstrel and vaudeville traditions. Playing his 5-string banjo before crowds that came to number in the low thousands, he sang in a high tenor and played his banjo bare fingered, picking the strings in a style today named "classic banjo." His published compositions include banjo instrumentals and parlor music. Huntley spent his working life performing and teaching in the off season. He performed throughout the United States and toured Europe as a part of several different minstrel groups.[3] A highlight of his performing career was to play before the Prince and Princess of Wales, about 1880 at Her Majesty's Theatre in London.[3] He moved away from minstrel shows by the 1880s, and "took pride" that he could perform without blackface stage makeup.[3] He focused on building respectability for the banjo, through teaching, composition, and performance recitals.[3] He was featured in the S. S. Stewart Company's catalog (showing that art-banjo promoter Stewart recognized his talent) and began to play the company's banjeaurine.[3] In 1888 he performed before a crowd of 2,000 people in his hometown, Providence, Rhode Island.[3]
William A. Penno | |
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Background information | |
Also known as |
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Born | [1] Providence, Rhode Island, US | November 2, 1843
Died | March 26, 1929[2] Providence, Rhode Island, US | (aged 85)
Genres | parlor music, classic-banjo instrumentals |
Occupation(s) | performer music teacher, composer |
Instrument(s) | 5-string banjo, piano, vocalist |
Years active | 1860–1893 |
Huntley first performed onstage in a play in Providence at the age of six. He played the part of "little Tom Bruce" in the play Nick of the Woods.[1] His first minstrel engagement was in 1860 or 1862 with Mead's Euterpean Minstrels at New London, Connecticut.[1][4]
He worked as a clerk in Providence, recorded in the state census and city directory in 1865.[5]
Two biographies written during his lifetime are vague about the start of his musical career from 1865 to 1869; authors Edward Le Roy Rice and Samuel Swaim Stewart published generalized timelines of his activities.[1][4] The two give different years for his work with Mead's Euterpean Minstrels.[1][4] He was reported by Le Roy Rice to have joined the Campbell and Huntley Minstrels in 1865, and to have played with them for several years.[1] However, news clippings indicate that group was formed in November 1870. Between 1868 and 1870 he was reported to have opened a music-teaching academy in Providence in which he gave banjo socials once a week, his "first attempt at edging the banjo into high society."[3][1][4] However, he was not listed in the Providence, Rhode Island city directory from 1866 to 1869. He re-appeared in the Providence city directory in 1870 both as William A. Penno, music teacher, and William A. Huntley, musician.
Newspaper accounts in 1870 may be the earliest record of his music career. In October 1870, he became business partners with Charles Austin, John D. Hopkins and George W. Huntley to form Campbell, Huntley and Austin's minstrels, sharing profits.[6][7] They became Campbell and Huntley's Minstrels in the midst of a November and December fallout between Austin and Hopkins in the newspapers.[8][9][10] Originally planned to be together for four weeks, the group was still intact in January 1871.[11]
William A. Huntley began receiving his mail as a performer independent of Campbell and Huntley's Minstrels in February 1871.[12] He and George (later "Dr. Geo. W.") Huntley continued to associate repeatedly into the 1880s. George Huntley became a successful manager and agent (organizing shows in towns ahead of the arrival of the minstrels), working with the Huntley Minstrels, the Martinetti-Ravel Pantomime Company and Whitmore and Clark's Minstrels.[13][14][15]
By September, Huntley was performing on his own at the Howard Athenaeum in Boston, performing as a solo banjoist and making his first "whiteface" appearance on stage.[1][4][16] William joined the Lauri English Pantomime Troupe by October 1871 and the Martinetti French Ravel Pantomime Company from December 1871-July 1872.[1][17] In early 1873 he joined the McKee and Rogers Company, and afterwards rejoined the Martinetti Troupe.[1] In 1874 he became co-partner with George W. Huntley again, in the management of Huntley's Minstrels, and performed in the principal theaters of the country for the next four years.[1][4]
Huntley was especially engaged to play banjo for the blackface Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels in London, and led the group's big banjo act in which twelve performers appeared at one time.[1][18][15] He gave a first performance at Her Majesty's Theatre on July 31, 1880 and remained three months.[1] During this period, Huntley had the honor of appearing before the Royal Family.[1] Afterward, he played in the principal cities of England and in Paris.[1] He left Europe later in 1880 and arrived in Memphis, Tennessee on December 30, to fill out his contract with Mr. Haverly's "New Mastodon Minstrels."[19]
From 1881 to 1884 Huntley performed with Whitmore and Clark's Minstrels, and later formed a partnership with John H. Lee.[1][20] The two men opened a banjo teaching-studio in Providence and performed together, Lee on the 6-string banjo and Huntley on the banjeaurine.[3][1]
Lee left for California in June 1887, while Huntley continued to teach and perform.[3]
"Will A. Huntley gave a pleasing musical setting to a number of my songs, which met with favor in several cases and here, I recall another incident. He opened an engagement at Miner's Bowery Theatre. He was an artistic banjo player and a sweet tenor singer. At first, the manager told him he was afraid a Bowery audience would not stand for his appearing in full evening dress—swallow tails and all—and make the stage, with things thrown, look like a delicatessen shop. 'Don't you care. I'll sweep up,' said Huntley. It was a hot night and over a thousand of the audience were in shirt waists or the like. But the kids and the 'gods' were nice and recalled Huntley twice [for encores]. Then he gave them our, "When the birds nave gone to sleep." The instrumentation and voicing carries with it a flute obbligato imitating the pretty song and twitter of birds at twilight. That brought out an applause that sprained the roof. I was there and heard the sprain."
Arthur Wells French, songwriter for "When the birds have gone to sleep", for which Huntley composed music, [21]
The minstrelsy show-business of the 1860s, when Huntley was breaking into his career, meant performing in blackface. However Huntley also engaged with performing groups that labeled themselves vaudeville and with pantomime groups. He performed his solo act in variety shows, where he had more control over how he presented himself.
Huntley performed at Tony Pastor's. Starting in the mid-1860s, impresario Tony Pastor capitalized on middle class sensibilities and spending power when he began to feature "polite" variety programs in his New York City theatres.[22] Pastor used the term "vaudeville" in place of "variety" in early 1876,[23] hoping to draw a potential audience from female and family-based shopping traffic uptown by barring liquor in his theatres and bawdy material from his shows.
Huntley had been experimenting with a different image from the early 1870s. He was characterized by minstrel Edward LeRoy Rice as having been successful performing in whiteface.[1] It is not completely certain whether Rice meant his performances used white facepaint in the tradition of pantomime clowns, or if Huntley performed without any makeup at all.
An 1884 news article made it likely he was performing without stage makeup. The reviewer said, "Mr. Wm. A. Huntley is the only banjo artist in the country that has ever made a success in white face."[24]
Huntley was among the first to use the term classic banjo to describe his music. The phrase today means a style of playing the banjo bare fingered, picking out the notes with two fingers and a thumb. For Huntley, the term spoke of quality and he used it throughout the 1870s. Huntley became associated with Samuel Swaim Stewart, a banjo centered entrepreneur, and former blackface performer, who was trying to move the banjo toward greater respectability. Huntley was featured regularly in the S. S. Stewart Banjo and Guitar Journal, starting 1883, and Stewart published some of his music.
Huntley took to the idea of a refined image for the banjo, and modified an idea used by J. H. Haverly and other large minstrel performance companies. Some of their advertising posters showed them marching in solidarity, in formal dress and in white face. However, their performers would perform in blackface, still formally dressed. Huntley would show up as himself, dressed in full evening dress, to perform that way even in rough places like the Bowery.
From 1887 to 1893, he also performed at concerts organized by Fairbanks and Cole, high-end banjo manufacturers in competition with S. S. Stewart.[25][26]
LOC are scores preserved at the Library of Congress. LSMC are scores preserved at the Lester M. Levy Sheet Music Collection. BERK are scores at the California Sheet Music Project at the Berkley Libtary.
He composed many song with lyrics by other musicians including Samuel N. Mitchell, Arthur W. French (1846-1919), Jerry Cohan (father of George M. Cohan[28]), George Birdseye and Ernest Hardenstein.
Huntley's compositions were recorded by artists between 1898 and 1926 on Berliner, Victor, Columbia and Edison labels.[95] Examples include:
Last Name: HUNTLEY First Name: WILLIAM A born: WILLIAM A PENNO HE IS A COMPOSER Cemetery Name: LOCUST GROVE CEMETERY Birth Year: 1843 Death Day: 26 Death Month: MAR Death Year: 1929
I want it discreetly understood that I was a full PARTNER, supposed to share equally with G. W. Huntley, Billy Huntley, and J. D. Hopkins, alias J. D. Campbell...
...the four partners, viz., G. W. Huntley, Billy Huntley, Austin and myself...John D. Hopkins, Business Manager, Campbell and Huntley's Minstrels
Charles Austin states that he has severed his connection with Huntley and Austin's Minstrels, and has joined Whitmore and Clarke's Company.
I the undersigned, caution managers against one Charles Austin...J. D. Hopkins, Business Manager, Campbell and Huntley's Minstrels
Inasmuch as Mr. J. D. Hopkins, who signs himself business manager of Campbell and Huntley's Minstrels to a card that appeared in the columns of this paper dated Nov. 19th, has sought to injure the reputation of Charles Austin...Mr. Austin assures me that when the party was organized, it was under the name of Campbell, Huntley and Austin's Minstrels...and that Mr. Hopkins...ordered a new stock of printing under the name Campbell and Huntley's Minstrels...
[List of performers that the public could address mail to through the Clipper's business office]...Campbell and Huntley...
[List of performers that the public could address mail to through the Clipper's business office]...Billy Huntley...
MARTINETTI-RAVEL BALLET AND PANTOMIME TROUPE OF FRENCH ARTISTS...GEO. W. HUNTLEY, Agent>
Huntley's Minstrels...Dr GEO W HUNTLEY Manager
Dr. George W. Huntley, the courteous and energetic Business Agent for the Whitmore & Clark Minstrels for some years past, is to be the General Agent for that Company for the coming season... with W. A. Huntley...the bouquet vocalist and composer, who returned not long since from an extensive trip in Europe, where he appeared with Haverley's Mastodon Ministrels, making a decided hit. He appeared before a number of the crowned heads in his banjo specialities, and also lead the great act in which 12 banjo players appeared upon the stage at one time.
...At the Howard, variety is the order of the day. The new attractions here are...Billy Huntley, banjoist...
Mr. Billy Huntley, the great banjoist and composer, in his wonderful specialties, having closed a successful engagement at the Howard Athenaeum, Boston, is now engaged with the Lauri Pantomime Troupe...
[In a line of comparison of the Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels and the Haverly's Genuine Colored Minstrels who succeeded them the next summer in London, a news clip stated:] Last time, Haverly's Minstrels were white men, corked to the requisite shade of blackness...
Wm. A. Huntley, banjoist, vocalist and composer, who has been with Haverly's Mastodon Minstrels in England until recently, joins the New Mastodon Minstrels, under Mr. Haverly's proprietorship, in Memphis, Tenn., Dec. 30. During his foreign tour he was the recipient of many complements gained by his clever banjo performances.
E. Prescott Hardy is busily engaged in making up his Whitmore & Clark Minstrel party for the coming season, and will have the strongest aggregation of talent ever on the road. In addition to Billy" Huntley, the great banjo player spoken of elsewhere, he is engaging other men as strong in their special ties.
Jerry Cohan Wrote This. It's pretty close to 40 years ago that George M. Cohan's "daddy" wrote this song for Harper and Stansill, the famous one-legged song and dance team, both since deceased. It was called "The Girl That Took My Eye."
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George Birdseye 1844–1919
[This is from S.S. Stewart's Banjo and Guitar Journal, August 1883.]
[This is from S.S. Stewart's Banjo and Guitar Journal, October–November 1884.]
[This is from S.S. Stewart's Banjo and Guitar Journal, issue unknown, 1885.]
[Although this has a sheet-music cover that declares it a work by Arthur W. French and William A. Huntley, the contents are actually a "transcription by F. F. Hagen." It doesn't describe what performance is being transcribed. Has original worj's 1875 copyright on cover and 1880 copyright on the sheet music inside.]