The little that is known of him is derived from Sextus Empiricus, who represents him as holding the most ultrasceptical opinions, and maintaining that all notions are false, and that there is absolutely nothing true in the universe.^[2] He more than once couples him with Xenophanes.^[3]

Two separate fictionalised accounts are used by Diogenes Laërtius in his account of Diogenes being sold into slavery,^[4] one by Menippus, and one by an otherwise unknown Eubulus, both of whom wrote in the 3rd century BCE. It is told that Diogenes said to Xeniades, "You must obey me, although I am a slave, for a physician or a steersman would find men to obey them even though they might be slaves."^[5] Eubulus recounts that Diogenes educated Xeniades's sons, eventually growing old in Xeniades' house.^[6] Xeniades is supposed to have remarked "A good spirit has entered my house."^[7] It is impossible to say whether any of this is accurate or even whether Xeniades actually existed, but another Cynic, Cleomenes, also made use of the theme of Diogenes being sold into slavery,^[8] and Xeniades was supposed to have been the man who persuaded Monimus to become a follower of Diogenes.^[9]