Summary
Yaghistan (Urdu: یاغستان; "The land of the rebellious and hostility")[1][2] was a key frontier region between Afghanistan and British India.[3]
This was an area where rebels lived, on either side of the Durand Line, roughly corresponding to the later tribal areas of Pakistan.[2][3]
The term, in use since at least 1868, was also used in Afghanistan where Amir Abdur Rehman characterized eastern Pashtun population as "Unruly" and "Rebels".[1]
History edit
Yāg͟histān was originally inhabited by Indo-Aryan Kōhistānī speakers.[4] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam:
"Yāg̲h̲istān referred to different sanctuaries used by Mujahideen against the British authorities from early 19th to late 19th century, in the various independent tribal areas, mainly inhabited by the Pashtun, Kashmiri and Kohistani people in the hinterland of what became the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of British India such as the Mohmand Agency, Bunēr, Dīr, Swāt, Kohistān, Hazāra..."[5]
Initially, any frontier region outside the direct control of the British colonial government was known as Yaghistan,[6] which at its widest extent, included Balochistan and Sarhad.[7] Between 1844 and 1900, the term came to be used for the independent tribes of Hindu Kush, who were considered "impossible to be administered",[8] as they were always outside the sphere of influence of either British Raj or the Emirate of Afghanistan.[8]
Yāghistān was the center of Syed Ahmad Barelvi's movement against the Sikh empire[9] as well as Mahmud Hasan Deobandi's Silk Letter Movement.[10] The area was never conquered by the British Raj and its people and the unadministered tribes always remained hostile towards the British.[11]
References edit
- ^ a b Sana Haroon 2007, p. 100.
- ^ a b Nile Green 2017, p. 130.
- ^ a b Hyman, Anthony (2002). "Nationalism in Afghanistan". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 34 (2): 306. JSTOR 3879829. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ Grierson, George Abraham (1921). Linguistic Survey of India: Volume X, Specimens of Languages of the Eranian Family. Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 5.
- ^ Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (2012). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004161214.
- ^ Christine Noelle 2012, p. 162.
- ^ Bruns, Bettina; Miggelbrink, Judith (2011-10-08). Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-531-93273-6.
- ^ a b Sana Haroon 2007, p. 101.
- ^ Altaf Qadir (2014). Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-486-3. Archived
- ^ Tabassum, Farhat (2006). Deoband Ulema's Movement for the Freedom of India (1st ed.). New Delhi: Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications. p. 47. ISBN 81-7827-147-8.
- ^ Frembgen, Jürgen Wasim (1999). "Indus Kohistan An Historical and Ethnographie Outline". Central Asiatic Journal. 43 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 70–71. JSTOR 41928174.
Sources edit
- Nile Green (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29413-4.
- Sana Haroon (2007). Frontier of Faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 978-1-84904-183-6.
- Christine Noelle (2012). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
Further reading edit
- Qasuri, Muhammad Ali. Mushahidat Kabul-o-Yaghistan. Karachi: Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu.
- Wazirabadi, Fazal Ilahi (1981). Kavāʼif-i Yāg̲h̲istān : yaʻnī, Mujāhidīn-i Yāg̲h̲istān kī ṣad sālah ḍāʼirī (in Urdu). Gujranwala: Idārah-yi Iḥyāʼ al-Sunnat. OCLC 11598882.