Young's_convolution_inequality Knowpia

In mathematics, Young's convolution inequality is a mathematical inequality about the convolution of two functions,^[1] named after William Henry Young.

Statement edit

Euclidean space edit

In real analysis, the following result is called Young's convolution inequality:^[2]

Suppose $f$ is in the Lebesgue space $L^{p}(\mathbb {R} ^{d})$ and $g$ is in $L^{q}(\mathbb {R} ^{d})$ and

{\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{q}}={\frac {1}{r}}+1

with

1\leq p,q,r\leq \infty .

Then

\|f*g\|_{r}\leq \|f\|_{p}\|g\|_{q}.

Here the star denotes convolution, $L^{p}$ is Lebesgue space, and

\|f\|_{p}={\Bigl (}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}|f(x)|^{p}\,dx{\Bigr )}^{1/p}

denotes the usual

L^{p}

norm.

Equivalently, if $p,q,r\geq 1$ and ${\textstyle {\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{q}}+{\frac {1}{r}}=2}$ then

\left|\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}f(x)g(x-y)h(y)\,\mathrm {d} x\,\mathrm {d} y\right|\leq \left(\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\vert f\vert ^{p}\right)^{\frac {1}{p}}\left(\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\vert g\vert ^{q}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\left(\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\vert h\vert ^{r}\right)^{\frac {1}{r}}

Generalizations edit

Young's convolution inequality has a natural generalization in which we replace $\mathbb {R} ^{d}$ by a unimodular group $G.$ If we let $\mu$ be a bi-invariant Haar measure on $G$ and we let $f,g:G\to \mathbb {R}$ or $\mathbb {C}$ be integrable functions, then we define $f*g$ by

f*g(x)=\int _{G}f(y)g(y^{-1}x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y).

Then in this case, Young's inequality states that for

f\in L^{p}(G,\mu )

and

g\in L^{q}(G,\mu )

and

p,q,r\in [1,\infty ]

such that

{\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{q}}={\frac {1}{r}}+1

we have a bound

\lVert f*g\rVert _{r}\leq \lVert f\rVert _{p}\lVert g\rVert _{q}.

Equivalently, if

p,q,r\geq 1

and

{\textstyle {\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{q}}+{\frac {1}{r}}=2}

then

\left|\int _{G}\int _{G}f(x)g(y^{-1}x)h(y)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\right|\leq \left(\int _{G}\vert f\vert ^{p}\right)^{\frac {1}{p}}\left(\int _{G}\vert g\vert ^{q}\right)^{\frac {1}{q}}\left(\int _{G}\vert h\vert ^{r}\right)^{\frac {1}{r}}.

Since

\mathbb {R} ^{d}

is in fact a locally compact abelian group (and therefore unimodular) with the Lebesgue measure the desired Haar measure, this is in fact a generalization.

This generalization may be refined. Let $G$ and $\mu$ be as before and assume $1<p,q,r<\infty$ satisfy ${\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{p}}+{\tfrac {1}{q}}={\tfrac {1}{r}}+1.}$ Then there exists a constant $C$ such that for any $f\in L^{p}(G,\mu )$ and any measurable function $g$ on $G$ that belongs to the weak $L^{q}$ space $L^{q,w}(G,\mu ),$ which by definition means that the following supremum

\|g\|_{q,w}^{q}~:=~\sup _{t>0}\,t^{q}\mu (|g|>t)

is finite, we have

f*g\in L^{r}(G,\mu )

and^[3]

\|f*g\|_{r}~\leq ~C\,\|f\|_{p}\,\|g\|_{q,w}.

Applications edit

An example application is that Young's inequality can be used to show that the heat semigroup is a contracting semigroup using the $L^{2}$ norm (that is, the Weierstrass transform does not enlarge the $L^{2}$ norm).

Proof edit

Proof by Hölder's inequality edit

Young's inequality has an elementary proof with the non-optimal constant 1.^[4]

We assume that the functions $f,g,h:G\to \mathbb {R}$ are nonnegative and integrable, where $G$ is a unimodular group endowed with a bi-invariant Haar measure $\mu .$ We use the fact that $\mu (S)=\mu (S^{-1})$ for any measurable $S\subseteq G.$ Since ${\textstyle p(2-{\tfrac {1}{q}}-{\tfrac {1}{r}})=q(2-{\tfrac {1}{p}}-{\tfrac {1}{r}})=r(2-{\tfrac {1}{p}}-{\tfrac {1}{q}})=1}$

{\begin{aligned}&\int _{G}\int _{G}f(x)g(y^{-1}x)h(y)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\\={}&\int _{G}\int _{G}\left(f(x)^{p}g(y^{-1}x)^{q}\right)^{1-{\frac {1}{r}}}\left(f(x)^{p}h(y)^{r}\right)^{1-{\frac {1}{q}}}\left(g(y^{-1}x)^{q}h(y)^{r}\right)^{1-{\frac {1}{p}}}\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\end{aligned}}

By the Hölder inequality for three functions we deduce that

{\begin{aligned}&\int _{G}\int _{G}f(x)g(y^{-1}x)h(y)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\\&\leq \left(\int _{G}\int _{G}f(x)^{p}g(y^{-1}x)^{q}\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\right)^{1-{\frac {1}{r}}}\left(\int _{G}\int _{G}f(x)^{p}h(y)^{r}\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\right)^{1-{\frac {1}{q}}}\left(\int _{G}\int _{G}g(y^{-1}x)^{q}h(y)^{r}\,\mathrm {d} \mu (x)\,\mathrm {d} \mu (y)\right)^{1-{\frac {1}{p}}}.\end{aligned}}

The conclusion follows then by left-invariance of the Haar measure, the fact that integrals are preserved by inversion of the domain, and by Fubini's theorem.

Proof by interpolation edit

Young's inequality can also be proved by interpolation; see the article on Riesz–Thorin interpolation for a proof.

Sharp constant edit

In case $p,q>1,$ Young's inequality can be strengthened to a sharp form, via

\|f*g\|_{r}\leq c_{p,q}\|f\|_{p}\|g\|_{q}.

where the constant

c_{p,q}<1.

^[5]^[6]^[7] When this optimal constant is achieved, the function

f

and

g

are multidimensional Gaussian functions.

Notes edit

^ Young, W. H. (1912), "On the multiplication of successions of Fourier constants", Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 87 (596): 331–339, doi:10.1098/rspa.1912.0086, JFM 44.0298.02, JSTOR 93120
^ Bogachev, Vladimir I. (2007), Measure Theory, vol. I, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-34513-8, MR 2267655, Zbl 1120.28001, Theorem 3.9.4
^ Bahouri, Chemin & Danchin 2011, pp. 5–6.
^ Lieb, Elliott H.; Loss, Michael (2001). Analysis. Graduate Studies in Mathematics (2nd ed.). Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8218-2783-3. OCLC 45799429.
^ Beckner, William (1975). "Inequalities in Fourier Analysis". Annals of Mathematics. 102 (1): 159–182. doi:10.2307/1970980. JSTOR 1970980.
^ Brascamp, Herm Jan; Lieb, Elliott H (1976-05-01). "Best constants in Young's inequality, its converse, and its generalization to more than three functions". Advances in Mathematics. 20 (2): 151–173. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(76)90184-5.
^ Fournier, John J. F. (1977), "Sharpness in Young's inequality for convolution", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 72 (2): 383–397, doi:10.2140/pjm.1977.72.383, MR 0461034, Zbl 0357.43002

References edit

Bahouri, Hajer; Chemin, Jean-Yves; Danchin, Raphaël (2011). Fourier Analysis and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 343. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-16830-7. OCLC 704397128.