Summary
Yusuf Adil Shah (1450–1510[1]), referred as Adil Khan or Hidalcão by the Portuguese, was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur for nearly two centuries.[2] As the founder of the newly formed Bijapur dynasty (as the Adil Shahi dynasty is also known), Yusuf Adil Shah is credited with developing the town of Bijapur and elevating it to significant status.
| Yusuf Adil Shah | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emir | |||||
 Painting created c. 1680 in Bijapur. Yusuf Adil Shah, shown seated, is being handed the key of legitimacy by Shah Ismail I of Safavid Iran, symbolizing the unwavering allegiance of the Adil Shahi family to the Shia creed of Islam. All nine Adil Shahi sultans are depicted in the painting in a dynastic assembly probably inspired by Mughal paintings. | |||||
| 1st Sultan of Bijapur | |||||
| Reign | 1490–1510[1] | ||||
| Predecessor | Position established | ||||
| Successor | Ismail Adil Shah | ||||
| Died | 1509 Koilkonda,Telangana | ||||
| Burial | 1510 | ||||
| Spouse | Bubuji Khanum | ||||
| Issue | Ismail Adil Shah Mariam Sultan Khadija Sultan Bibi Sati | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Adil Shahi dynasty | ||||
| Religion | Shia Islam | ||||
Legends of origin edit
The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah, may have been a Georgian slave[3][4] who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan from Iran. Other historians mentioned him of Persian[5] or Turkmen[6][7] origin, although in the time, it was rumoured that Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad II,[8][9] although this is considered unfounded by modern historians.[5][8][10][11][12] Another theory states he was a Turkman of the Aq-Quyunlu.[13]
Career edit
Yusuf's bravery and personality raised him rapidly in the Bahmani sultan's favor, and resulted in his being appointed Governor of Bijapur.
In 1489, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of the Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur. He waged war against the Vijayanagar empire, as also against Bijapur's Muslim neighbours.
Adil Shah is personally responsible for building the imposing Citadel or Arkilla[14] and the palace named Faroukh Mahal. Yusuf was a man of culture and invited poets and artisans from Persia, Turkey and Rome to his court. He was also an accomplished musician and scholar with deep religious tolerance that was reflected in art and architecture from this time.
Death edit
His death occurred shortly after the loss of Goa to the Portuguese governor Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510. He was succeeded by his son Ismail Adil Shah, who being a minor, was aided in his rule by a certain Kamal Khan.[15]
Yusuf left behind a strong if small state, one which persisted through two relatively chaotic centuries in a region rife with political ferment. The Bijapur sultanate he founded was a formidable force for close to two centuries until it succumbed to Maratha power and finally resolved by Aurangzeb in 1686 in an ineffective bid to check Maratha power.[9]
Family edit
Yusuf Adil Shah married Poonji (Punji), the sister of a Maratha lord Mukundrao Kadamba, later renamed Bubuji Khanum.[9] By this marriage he had a son and three daughters:[16][17][18]
- Ismail Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur;
- Mariam Sultan, married Burhan Nizam Shah I, Sultan of Ahmednagar;
- Khadija Sultan, married Aladdin Imad Shah, Sultan of Berar;
- Bibi Sati, married Ahmad Shah, son of Mahmood Shah Bahmani II;
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011, p. 174.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. p. 101.
- ^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. p. 101.
- ^ a b Meri, Josef W. (January 2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
In 1481, Yusuf 'Adil Khan, a Persian slave who claimed to descend from the Ottoman sultan Murad III, became the governor of Bijapur.
- ^ Vernon O. Egger (2016). A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. ISBN 9781315511078.
- ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. p. 55. ISBN 978-9004153882.
- ^ a b Nikki R. Keddie,Rudi Matthee (2011). Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics. University of Washington Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780295800240.
- ^ a b c Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011, p. 174
- ^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, ed. Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, page 125
- ^ Bolar, Varija R (2012). "Turks in Karnataka" (PDF). International Journal of Social Studies 4 (1): 423-424
- ^ Devare, T. N. A short history of Persian literature; at the Bahmani, the Adilshahi, and the Qutbshahi courts. Poona: S. Devare, 1961, pp. 67, 272, 312-317
- ^ Bolar, Varija R (2012). "Turks in Karnataka" (PDF). International Journal of Social Studies 4 (1): 423.
- ^ Ahammad, Mustak (2013). Military Architecture under the Adilshahis of Bijapur. p. 2.
- ^ Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011, p. 175.
- ^ Hari Narain Verma, Amrit Verma, Indian Women Through the Ages (1976), p. 29
- ^ Abraham Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls (2007), chp. 11
- ^ K.K Basu, Career of Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, Indian Culture, Vol. III, Issue I (1937), p. 117
Bibliography edit
- Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011), A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century, Pearson Education India, ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1
- Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1958) [first published 1955], A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar (Second ed.), New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-560686-8 – via archive.org
Further reading edit
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 928.
- India History
- Wakiyate Mamlakate Bijapur by Basheeruddin Dehelvi.
- Tareekhe Farishta by Kasim Farishta
- External Relation of Bijapur Adil Shahis.
- Devare, T. N. A short history of Persian literature; at the Bahmani, the Adilshahi, and the Qutbshahi courts. Poona: S. Devare, 1961.