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Allaire Iron Works

Summary

The Allaire Iron Works was a leading 19th-century American marine engineering company based in New York City. Founded in 1816 by engineer and philanthropist James P. Allaire, the Allaire Works was one of the world's first companies dedicated to the construction of marine steam engines, supplying the engines for more than 50% of all the early steamships built in the United States.[2]

Allaire Iron Works
Company typePrivate
IndustryEngineering and shipbuilding
Founded1816
FounderJames P. Allaire
Defunct1869
Headquarters
New York City
,
United States
ProductsMarine steam engines, metal castings
Total assets$300,000 (1842/1859)
OwnerJames P. Allaire (1816-1850)
Cornelius Vanderbilt (1850-1869)
Number of employees
1859: 500
1863: 850[1]

James P. Allaire retired from the company in 1850 when it was taken over by Cornelius Vanderbilt. During Vanderbilt's ownership, the Allaire Iron Works made a significant contribution to the Union cause during the American Civil War. Following the war, the Allaire Works, like many other American marine engineering companies, fell on hard times, and in 1869 it was wound up, whereupon its equipment was purchased by John Roach, who also hired its best employees for his own company, the Morgan Iron Works.

Amongst the many notable achievements of the Allaire Works, it supplied the engine cylinder for the first steamship to cross the Atlantic, Savannah, pioneered the use of the compound engine in steamships, and built the engines for two winners of the coveted Blue Riband. The company also supplied the engines for at least 17 U.S. Navy warships during the American Civil War.

Background edit

James Peter Allaire founded his first company, a brass foundry, at 466 Cherry Street, New York, in 1804. In 1807, Allaire received an order from steamboat pioneer Robert Fulton for brass fittings for the North River Steamboat, the world's first commercially successful steam-powered vessel. Allaire and Fulton struck up a friendship, and Allaire provided fittings for later vessels built by Fulton.[3]

 
The Steam packet Chancellor Livingston entering the harbour of Newport

Following Fulton's death in 1815, Allaire leased his plant and equipment from the Fulton and Livingstone families, and entered a partnership with Fulton's chief engineer, Charles Stoudinger. Allaire and Stoudinger built the engine and boiler for the last steamboat contracted for by the Fulton shop, the Chancellor Livingstone, which was completed about a year later.[4]

Stoudinger himself died shortly after completion of Chancellor Livingstone, after which Allaire decided to move Fulton's equipment from its location in New Jersey to his brassworks at Cherry St., New York. With the consolidation of his business at the Cherry St. plant, Allaire renamed it the Allaire Iron Works.[3][4]

Allaire ownership, 1816-1850 edit

Early period, 1816-1822 edit

 
Artist's impression of Savannah

In 1817, the Allaire Iron Works supplied the engine cylinder for Savannah, the first steamship to make a transatlantic crossing. The cylinder, one of the largest then built, had a diameter of 40 inches, while the piston had a stroke of 5 feet.[5] Savannah was not a commercial success, and following her return voyage from Europe, her engine was removed and sold to Allaire.

In 1819, the Allaire Works supplied the engine for Robert Fulton, the first steamship to enter service along the United States coastline (as opposed to working the inland waterways). This engine had a 44-inch-diameter (110 cm) cylinder and a stroke of 5 feet. Robert Fulton helped to demonstrate that steamships were capable of reliable seagoing service. Other engines built in this period by the Allaire Works include those for United States—a 140-foot steamer said to be the first American steamboat to issue tickets (rather than "way-bills") to passengers[6]—and for James Kent, North Carolina, South Carolina and other Hudson River steamers.[4]

Howell Works edit

As Allaire's business grew, he found it increasingly difficult to source adequate amounts of quality pig iron from which to manufacture his engines. The best quality pig iron was imported from Britain, but high tariffs made it uneconomic to use. The pig iron industry in the United States was at this time still in its infancy, and producing neither the quality nor quantity of pig iron required.[7]

The only solution was for Allaire to become a manufacturer of pig iron himself. In 1822, in response to a recommendation from a friend, Allaire purchased 7,000 acres (28 km2) of land in Monmouth County, New Jersey, which contained a furnace used for manufacturing pig iron from the natural resource of bog iron. Allaire renamed the furnace the Howell Works, and over the next 20 years used it to source most of his pig iron, during which time Howell Works grew to be a substantial and largely self-sufficient community, complete with its own church, school, company store and farmland.[7]

Pioneering compound engines, 1820s edit

In 1824, the Allaire Works built the engine for the steamboat Henry Eckford, the first steam vessel in the world fitted with a compound engine. The high-pressure cylinder was 12 inches in diameter and the low-pressure cylinder 24 inches, with both having a stroke of 4 feet. In the same year, the Allaire Works also supplied a compound engine for a 200-ton towboat called Post Boy,[8] and another for a small steamer, Linnaeus.[6]

Other vessels equipped with compound engines from the Allaire Works to 1828 included Sun, Commerce, Swiftsure and Pilot Boy.[4] The Allaire Works built compound engines decades before the advantages of such engines became widely recognized in the shipbuilding industry.

Growth and financial problems, 1830s-1850 edit

 
A side-lever engine built by the Allaire Iron Works in 1849 for the transatlantic steamer Pacific

In the 1830s, the Allaire business empire reached the peak of its expansion. The Howell Works in New Jersey was producing a surplus of pig iron, enabling Allaire to diversify into the manufacture of household goods in addition to his production of marine engines in New York. Ships supplied with Allaire-built engines in this period included Frank, New Haven, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Massachusetts, then the largest ship operating on Long Island Sound, was driven by a pair of beam engines.[9]

Allaire had also accumulated considerable interest in steamships by this time. In 1836, a ship in which Allaire was part-owner, William Gibbons, ran aground and was destroyed. In the same year, the Howell Works furnace blew out and production there temporarily ceased. The following year, the Panic of 1837 plunged America into a severe recession, and later that year, the steamboat Home, wholly owned by Allaire and largely uninsured, sank with the loss of 100 lives, damaging Allaire's reputation and leaving him short of capital.[10]

Allaire had up until this point in his career been able to borrow to meet cash shortfalls, but with the recession affecting demand for his products, he was obliged to look elsewhere for working capital. In 1842, he sold shares in the Allaire Iron Works, which was incorporated for the sum of $300,000.[4] Shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt and Allaire's brother-in-law John Haggerty were thus able to eventually gain a controlling interest in the company.[2]

With the capital infusion from incorporation, the Allaire Iron Works remained productive through the 1840s. In this period, engines were supplied for steamboats such as Isaac Newton in 1846, C. Vanderbilt in 1847, and Commodore in 1848 (the names for the latter two reflecting Vanderbilt's growing influence in the company). Engines were also supplied for the sister ships Bay State and Empire State in 1846–47, the former of which was the fastest boat on Long Island Sound for some years. In 1849–50, the Allaire Works supplied the engines for two of the original four Collins Line steamers, Pacific and Baltic. The engines for these two vessels were of the side-lever type, with Pacific having a 95-inch cylinder and 9-foot stroke, and Baltic a 96-inch cylinder and 10 foot stroke.[11] Both ships were to become Blue Riband winners by setting speed records for transatlantic crossings.[12]

Vanderbilt ownership, 1850-1869 edit

 
Transport magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt gained control of the Allaire Works in 1850

Vanderbilt takeover edit

In 1850, James P. Allaire retired from the Presidency of the Allaire Iron Works—according to one report, through the machinations of his brother-in-law John Haggerty, who may have been scandalized by the former's marriage to a young woman 26 years his junior in 1846.[2] Cornelius Vanderbilt subsequently gained control of the company,[13] appointing T. F. Secor, former proprietor of T. F. Secor & Co., as its manager.[14]

After the Vanderbilt takeover, an increasing percentage of the company's contracts came from Vanderbilt himself, who from this point had most of his new steamboats and steamships engined there, just as most of his shipbuilding contracts went to the same firm, that of his trusted nephew, Jeremiah Simonson. Vanderbilt brought his own ideas to the field of marine steam engineering. Defying the prevailing wisdom, he began powering oceangoing steamships with American walking beam engines, believing that their relative lightness of construction, economy of operation and low maintenance requirements made them preferable to the low center-of-gravity, but more complex, British-designed side-lever and oscillating types.[15] Other American marine engine manufacturers quickly followed his example, and walking beams became the preferred engine type for oceangoing American sidewheel steamships until the introduction of the much more economical surface condensing compound engine in the early 1870s.[a]

During the 1850s, the Allaire Works supplied engines to such notable ships as Buckeye State in 1850—only the second ship on the Great Lakes to be fitted with a compound engine[17]—and the 3,360-ton Vanderbilt, whose twin 90-inch cylinder beam engines were believed to make her the fastest oceangoing ship operating from New York upon launch in 1856.[18] Other ships fitted with Allaire powerplants in this period include North Star (1853), a transatlantic ocean liner, St. Lawrence (1853), built for operation on the Great Lakes, and the Long Island Sound steamer Plymouth Rock (1854).[19]

American Civil War edit

 
The 3,360-ton steamer USS Vanderbilt, in port during the Civil War. Vanderbilt's size, speed and range made her an ideal hunter for the Confederate Raider CSS Alabama, but she never located her prey.

The Allaire Iron Works made a substantial contribution to the Union cause during the American Civil War, providing the engines for at least seven warships, while at least another ten merchant ships with Allaire engines were purchased or chartered by the U.S. Navy and converted into warships.

In 1861, the Allaire Works built the engines for two of the 700 ton Unadilla class or "90-day" gunboats, USS Penobscot and USS Winona. The following year, the company supplied the engines for the 1,533-ton screw steamer USS Lackawanna, and for two of the 1,173-ton Sassacus class double-ended sidewheel gunboats, USS Mackinaw and USS Mattabesett.[20] In 1864, the Allaire Works supplied two 100-inch cylinder, 4-foot stroke vibrating-lever engines for the 4,912-ton monitor USS Puritan; however delays in supply of the ship's 20-inch Dahlgren smoothbore cannon prevented the vessel from seeing wartime service.[21]

The Allaire Works also supplied the engines in 1864 for the 4,215-ton Wampanoag class screw sloop USS Madawaska. Intended to be a very fast ship, Madawaska was fitted with experimental vibrating-lever engines designed by Navy architect John Ericsson. The engines proved a failure, delivering a cruising speed of only 12.73 knots, well under the specified speed of 15 knots, and they were later replaced with a more conventional power plant.[22]

In addition to the engines directly contracted for, the Navy also requisitioned a number of merchant steamships powered by Allaire engines and converted them into warships. Some of these vessels had been built prior to the war, while others were built during the war and requisitioned by the Navy as they entered service.

The largest and most impressive of these ships was the 3,360-ton oceangoing sidewheel steamer Vanderbilt, launched in 1856, and gifted to the U.S. Navy by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1862. With her 14 knot speed and long operational range, Vanderbilt was an ideal candidate for a pursuit ship, and after being fitted out with a formidable battery of cannon, the newly commissioned USS Vanderbilt was employed in a year-long hunt for the notorious Confederate raider CSS Alabama, but without success. Other Allaire powered ships commissioned by the Navy included Harriet Lane, James Adger, Magnolia, Rhode Island, R. R. Cuyler and Western World, all built before the war, and Fort Jackson and the ferries Clifton and Shokokon, built during the war.[23]

The Allaire Works also continued to produce engines for commercial vessels during the conflict, such as City of New London, built in 1863, and St. John, which was built in 1864 and used as a hospital ship.[24]

Postwar slump and closure edit

Shortly after the end of hostilities, the U.S. government dumped more than a million tons of unwanted shipping onto the market, driving down prices and depriving the shipbuilding industry of new orders. The slump lasted several years, and many ship and marine engine builders were driven to bankruptcy in this period.[25]

By 1867, the Allaire Iron Works had only one engine and one boiler on its books. The company soldiered on until 1869 when Cornelius Vanderbilt sold its plant and equipment at auction, which were bought by John Roach at scrap metal prices. Vanderbilt was wealthy enough to survive the slump, but had apparently decided to move his assets into railroads by this time. After the auction, the property of the Allaire Works was divided into a tombstone factory and horse stables.[26]

Roach, one of the few marine entrepreneurs to survive and prosper in the postwar period, took the best of the Allaire Works tools, along with its best former workers, and employed them at his newly acquired plant on the East River, the Morgan Iron Works.[26]

Production, 1816-1867 edit

Merchant ships edit

The following table lists merchant ships with engines supplied by the Allaire Iron Works from the company's inception in 1816 until its closure in 1867. Names in small print preceded or followed by an arrow in the "Name" column indicate that the engine either originated from or was later installed in the ship so named. This is an incomplete list.

Merchant ships powered by Allaire Iron Works engines, 1816-1867[27]
Ship Engine Ship notes/references
Name Built Builder Ton. Intended service No. Cyl.
(ins) 		Str.
(ft) 		Type
Chancellor Livingstone 1816 Henry Eckford 495 Hudson River 1 44 5 C
Sophia 1817 A. S. Roberts 50 Great Lakes
Savannah 1818 Fickett & Crocker 320 Transatlantic 1 40 5 I/DA Auxiliary steamer; first steamship to make a transatlantic crossing (albeit mostly under sail). Wrecked on Long Island, 1821.
Robert Fulton 1819 Henry Eckford 702 Atlantic coast 1 44 5 C
United States 1821 J. Williams 180 Hudson River 1 44 5 C [28]
James Kent 1823 Blossom, Smith & Dimon 364 Hudson River 1 44 5 C
Martha Ogden 1823 A. S. Roberts Great Lakes 1 C
Augusta 1824 Brown & Bell 206 Charleston, SC 38 [29]
Henry Eckford 1824 Lawrence & Sneden 150 Hudson River 1 12, 24 4 Cm/C [30][31] World's first steam vessel powered by a compound engine.
Linnaeus 1824 Elijah Peck 92 Long Island Sound 1 C [6]
Oliver Ellsworth 1824 Isaac Webb 227 Long Island Sound 1 C [32]
Post Boy 1824 1 6 Cm/B
Pilot Boy 1824 Cm
Thistle 1824 202 [33]
Chief Justice Marshall 1825 Thorne & Williams 314 Hudson River 1 C [34]
Commerce
Ontario 56		 1825 Christian Bergh 371 Hudson River 1 16, 30 4 Cm
Fanny 1825 Lawrence & Sneden 126 Long Island Sound 1 C [35]
Swift Sure 1825 Christian Bergh 265 Hudson River 1 16, 30 4 Cm
Sun 1825 Hudson River 1 16, 30 4 Cm
Swan 1826 James P. Allaire 353 [33]
Benjamin Franklin 1828 Brown & Bell 410 Long Island Sound 2 VB [36]
Rufus W. King 1828 Smith & Dimon New York Harbor 1 34 4 C [37]
Transport 1828 73 Virginia 38 [38]
President 1829 Brown & Bell 518 Long Island Sound 2 48 7 VB [39]
John Stoney 1830 Brown & Bell 163 [29]
Napoleon 1830 Lawrence & Sneden[b] 136 New York-New Brunswick 1 51 6 C Lengthened 26 ft. and tonnage increased to 169 tons, 1836. Out of documentation, 1855.[40]
Boston 1831 Brown & Bell 380 Long Island Sound 2 40 7 VB [41][42][43]
John Cooley 1831 P. & T. Peck 35 Atlantic Coast? [44]
Superior 1831 Smith, Dimon & Comstock 194 Long Island Sound 1 36 8 C Made 651 trips between New York and New Haven without a breakdown. Engine removed and converted to canal boat, 1859.[45]
Water Witch 1831 Brown & Bell 207 Long Island Sound 1 36 8 C [46]
William Seabrook 1831 Lawrence & Sneden 227 Atlantic Coast 38 [29]
David Brown 1832 190 Atlantic coast 1 C [47]
Flushing 1832 Lawrence & Sneden 107 New York–Norwich, CT 1 C [30][48]
Splendid 1832 Smith, Dimon & Comstock 209 New Haven 1 37 7 C [49][50]
Daniel Webster 1833 John Carrick 358 Great Lakes 1 C [51][52]
William Gibbons 1833 Samuel Sneden 294 Atlantic coast 1 C [53][47]
Bangor
Sudaver		 1834 Brown & Bell 385 Boston–Bangor 1 36 9 C [54]
Fox 1834 66 New York City–Long Island 1 C [55][56]
Sandusky 1834 F. Church 377 Lake Erie 38 [57]
Stonington 1834 211 Rhode Island 38 [58]
Thomas Jefferson 1834 S. Jenkins 428 Great Lakes 1 50 9 C [59]
Columbia 1835 423 Atlantic coast 1 56 6 C [47]
Frank 1835 Lawrence & Sneden 175 Hudson River 1 30 6 C Abandoned 1861.[60]
New Haven 1835 Lawrence & Sneden 342 New Haven 1 47 10 B [49]
Pioneer (2nd) 1835 Georgia [61]
Portland 1835 Nathan Dyer 445 Atlantic Coast 1 56 6 C [62][63]
Cincinnati 1836 James Poyas 211 Florida 38 [29]
Home 1836 Atlantic coast 1 56 9 C
Massachusetts 1836 Brown & Bell 676 Long Island Sound 2 44 9 VB [64]
New York 1836 Lawrence & Sneden 524 Long Island Sound 1 52 10 C [65]
Ochmulgee 1836 W. Kirkwood 231 Georgia 38 [61]
Pioneer (3rd) 1836 Georgia 38 [61]
Rhode Island 1836 Brown & Bell 588 New York–Providence, RI 1 50 11 C [9][66]
Clifton 1837 Vanderbilt 162 Atlantic Coast 38 [68]
Illinois 1837 William H. Brown 349 Hudson River 1 C [69]
Isis 1837 130 Georgia 38 [70]
Mud-machine 1837 [Charleston, SC] 38 60 William Bird [29]
Despatch 1838 James Poyas 53 Florida 38 [29]
Gov. Dudley 1838 Bishop & Simpson 408 Atlantic Coast 38 [41]
Illinois 1838 B. S. Goodell 755 Great Lakes 1 56 10 [71][72]
Neptune 1838 Lawrence & Sneden 745 Atlantic Coast 1 50 11½ [29]
Osiris 1838 Bishop & Simonson 145 New York–Red Bank 1 C [73]
USS General Taylor 1840? 150 1 25.3 6 C [74]
Iolas
Gipsey 66		 1842 Bishop & Simonson 180 New York-Red Bank 2 VB [75]
Lady Of The Lake
Queen City 53		 1842 George S. Weeks 425 Great Lakes 1 C Fast vessel and first steamboat on Lake Ontario with upper cabin. Destroyed by fire, 1855.[76]
Massachusetts
John W. D. Pentz 63
Massachusetts 69		 1842 Lawrence & Sneden 308 Long Island Sound 1 C [77]
Hero 1844 Lawrence & Sneden ~500 Hudson River 1 C [78]
Hendrik Hudson 1845 George Collyer 1170 Hudson River 1 72 11
Traveller
Traveler 54		 1845 Bishop & Simonson? 584 Long Island Sound 1 52 11 VB [79]
Bay State 1846 Lawrence & Sneden 1600 Long Island Sound 1 76 12 B
Cricket
L. Boardman 57
River Belle 80		 1846 William H. Brown 204 Hudson River 1 36 10 VB Converted to tugboat 1866; rebuilt for passenger/freight service 1880; sank 1894.[80]
Isaac Newton 1846 William Brown 1332 Hudson River 1 81 12 B
C. Vanderbilt 1847 Bishop & Simonson Long Island Sound 1 72 12 B
Commodore 1848 Bishop & Simonson 984 Long Island Sound 1 65 11 VB [81][82]
Panama 1848 William H. Webb 1087 Intercoastal 1 70 8.7 SL [83]
Plymouth Rock
Empire State 48		 1848 Samuel Sneden 1598 Long Island Sound 1 76 12 VB [84]
State of Maine
San Pelayo 71		 1848 Bishop & Simonson 806 Maine coast 1 54 11 VB [85]
Canonicus 1849 Lawrence & Sneden 396 Long Island Sound 1 36 12 VB [86]
Pacific 1849 Brown & Bell Transatlantic 2 95 9 SL
America 185?
Niagara 185?
Baltic 1850 Brown & Bell Transatlantic 2 96 10 SL
Buckeye State 1850 1187 Great Lakes 1 37, 80 11 AC [87]
Director 1850 J. Simonson 65 Lake Nicaragua 1 C [88] Built for Cornelius Vanderbilt's Nicaragua Line. She was the first steamship to sail on Lake Nicaragua.
Daniel Webster 1851 William H. Brown 1035 New York-Nicaragua 1 56 10 VB [89]
Illinois 1851 Smith & Dimon 2040 South America 2 85 9 O [90]
Northern Light 1851 J. Simonson 1768 New York-Nicaragua 2 60 10 VB [91]
Union 1851 South America 2 60 7 SL [92]
Black Warrior 1852 W. Collyer 1350 Atlantic coast 1 65 11 VB [93]
San Juan
Star Of The West 52
CSS St. Philip 62		 1852 J. Simonson 1172 New York-Nicaragua 2 66 11 VB USQMD 1861, captured by Confederacy 1861 and converted to receiving and training ship, later sunk as obstruction in Yazoo River.[94]
California 1852 Samuel Sneden 480 Gulf of Mexico 1 40 10 VB [95]
James Adger 1852 William H. Webb 1152d Atlantic coast 1 SL [96]
Uncle Sam 1852 Perine, Patterson & Stack 1800 Atlantic Coast 1 66 11 B [97][98]
North Star 1853 J. Simonson 2000 Atlantic coast 2 66 10 VB [c]
St. Lawrence 1853 F. N. Jones 1844 Great Lakes 1 81 12 VB [100]
Yankee Blade 1853 Perrine, Patterson & Stack 1767 New York-Panama 1 76 12 SL [101]
Cahawba 1854 W. Collyer 1643 Atlantic coast 1 75 11 VB [102][103]
Magnolia 1854 J. Simonson 1500 California 1 75 11 VB [104][105]
Mercury 1854 W. Collyer N.Y. Harbor 1 [106]
Plymouth Rock
→Plymouth Rock 64		 1854 J. Englis 2202 Great Lakes 1 81 12 VB [107]
Plymouth Rock 1854 J. Simonson 1752 Long Island 1 76 12 VB [108]
Western World
→Fire Queen 64		 1854 J. Englis 2202 Great Lakes 1 81 12 VB [109]
Ariel 1855 J. Simonson 1850 Atlantic coast 1 75 11 VB [104]
Granada 1855 J. Simonson 1059 Atlantic coast 1 65 10 VB [110]
Leviathan 1855 Eckford Webb 500 New York Harbor 1 60 10 VB [111]
Vanderbilt 1856 J. Simonson Transatlantic 2 90 12 VB
William H. Webb 1856 William H. Webb N.Y. Harbor? 2 44 10 B [112]
USRC Harriet Lane 1857 William H. Webb 674d U.S. Coast Guard 2? I
Champion 1859 Harlan & Hollingsworth 1490 Pacific Ocean 1 42 10 VB [113]
Commodore Perry* 1859 Thomas Stack 513 New York Harbor 1 38 9 VB [114]
John Brooks 1859 John Englis 900 Bridgeport 1 56 12 VB [115][116]
Seth Grosvenor 1859 Henry Steers 84 Liberia 1 28 3 St [117]
Rhode Island 1860 J. Westerwelt 2000 Charleston 1 72½ 12 B [96][118]
R. R. Cuyler 1860 Samuel Sneden 1200d New York-Havana 1 70 4 VDA/G
Yankee 1860 T. Collyer 376 New York Harbor 1 38 8⅔ C [119]
USS Clifton 1861 J. Simonson 977 Staten Island 1 50 10 VB [120][121]
Kings County 1861 Roosevelt & Joyce 500 New York-Long Island 1 34 9 B [121][122]
Suffolk County 1861 Roosevelt & Joyce 500 New York-Long Island 1 34 9 B [121][122]
Thomas Freeborn 1861 Lawrence & Foulks 306 Atlantic coast 1 40 8 VB [123]
City of Norwich 1862 John Englis 890 New Haven 1 52 10 VB [124]
Eagle 1862 J. Westervelt 1561 New York–Havana 1 75 12 VB [124]
USS Fort Jackson 1862 J. Simonson 1850 1 VB [125]
USS Shokokon 1862 J. Simonson 709d Staten Island 1 36 8 VB [126][d]
Westfield 1862 J. Simonson 960 Staten Island 1 36 8 VB [127][128]
City of New London 1863 J. Englis & Son 696 New Haven 1 52 10 B [1][129] Rebuilt in 1865 and 1866; tonnage increased to 1,203.[e]
Commodore
Costa Rica
Genaki Maru		 1863 J. Simonson 1 80 12 B [131][132]
Evening Star 1863 New York-Havana 1 81 12 B [1]
Hu Quang 1863 Henry Steers 1570 China 1 76 12 VB
Katahdin 1863 J. Englis & Son 1234 Long Island Sound 1 56 11 VB [133]
Kin Kiang 1863 J. Englis & Son 1025 China 1 58 12 VB [134][f]
Morning Star 1863 Roosevelt & Joyce New York-Havana 1 81 12 B [1][g]
Po Yang 1863 Roosevelt, Joyce 956 China 1 50 12 VB
←Western World
Fire Queen
Kiangwae 77		 1864 John Englis 3801 China 1 81 12 VB [136]
Moro Castle 1864 J. A. Westervelt 1987 New York-Havana 1 76 12 VB [137]
New York 1864 J. Simonson 3200 1 90 12 B [138]
←Plymouth Rock 54
Plymouth Rock
Foong Shuey 64
Plymouth Rock 64
Kiangyuen 77		 1864 Westervelt & Bro. 2379 China 1 81 12 VB [139]
St. John 1864 Hudson River 1 85 15
Dean Richmond 1865 J. Englis & Son 2525 Hudson River 1 75 14 VB [h]
Favorita 1865 J. Westervelt & Son 865 Pacific 1 56 VB [140]
Niagara 1865 Westervelt & Son 1100 New York-Richmond 1 60 11 VB [141][142]
Old Colony 1865 John Englis & Son New York–Fall River, MA 1 80 12 VB [i]
Orient 1865 1 68 11 B [144]
Rising Star 1865 Roosevelt, Joyce & Waterbury 1915 1 VB [140]
Saratoga 1865 Westervelt & Son 1100 New York-Richmond 1 60 11 VB [141][145]
Drew 1866 John Englis 2902 Hudson River 1 81 14 VB
Oregonian 1866 Lawrence & Foulks 2200 California coast 1 82 12 VB [146]

Legend: Built=year built; Ton.=gross tonnage; Deployment=original location of operation. Where the original deployment is not known, the location is followed by a number, which represents the last two digits of the year in which the vessel is known to have operated at the given location; No.=number of engines; Cyl.=diameter of engine cylinder(s) in inches; Str.=engine stroke in feet; Type=engine type. Types of engine include: AC=annular compound; B=beam; C=compound; CB=compound beam; C=crosshead. Crosshead engines built by this company are almost certainly all of the American "square" type, rather than the Steeple type; DA=direct-acting; DS=double screw; GS=geared screw; HBA=horizontal back-acting; I=inclined; O=oscillating; S=screw; St=steeple; SL=side-lever; V=vertical; VB=vertical beam; VL=vibrating-lever.

Warships edit

The following table lists warships powered by Allaire Iron Works engines. This list is confined to vessels that were designed and built as warships, and does not include merchant ships commissioned into the Navy.

Warships powered by Allaire Iron Works engines (1861–65)
Ship Engine
Name Type Built Builder Disp. No. Cyl. (ins) Str. (ft) Type
USS Penobscot G 1861 C. P. Carter 691 2 30 1½ HBA/S
USS Winona G 1861 C. & R. Poillon 691 2 30 1½ HBA/S
USS Lackawanna[147] SS 1862 New York Navy Yard 2,526 2 42 2½ HBA/S
USS Mackinaw[148] DEG 1863 New York Navy Yard 1,173 1 58 8¾ I/DA
USS Mattabesett[149] DEG 1863 New York Navy Yard 1,173 1 58 8¾ I/DA
USS Puritan[150] M 1864 Continental Iron Works 4,192 2 100 4 VL/DS
USS Madawaska[151] SF 1865 New York Navy Yard 4,105 2 100 4 VL/S

Legend: Type=ship type. Types include - G=gunboat; SS=screw sloop; DEG=double-ended gunboat; M=monitor; SF=screw frigate. Built=Year of ship launch, or completion where launch date is unknown; Builder=Name of ship builder; Disp.=displacement in tons; No.=number of engines; Cyl.=diameter of engine cylinder(s) in inches; Str.=engine stroke in feet; Type=engine type. Types of engine include: DA=direct acting; DS=double screw; HBA=horizontal back-acting; I=inverted; S=screw; VL=vibrating-lever. See marine steam engine for explanation of various engine types.

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ [16] Also see, for example, the manufacturing records of the Morgan Iron Works (Baughman, pp. 242-245), or of other major U.S. marine engine manufacturers.
  2. ^ Built by Lawrence & Sneden according to official records, but by Smith & Dimon according to the Allaire diary.[40]
  3. ^ [99] Note that this source gives the cylinder width as 60 inches rather than 66.
  4. ^ The original Clifton and Westfield were purchased by the government and served as USS Clifton and USS Westfield. The replacement vessels for these original ferryboats were also named Clifton and Westfield. The second Clifton was also purchased by the Navy however, and served as USS Shokokon. The second Westfield appears to have been employed in its original role as a Staten Island ferry.[127]
  5. ^ [130] The source gives the dimensions of this engine as 54 inch cylinder and 11 inch stroke.
  6. ^ The name of this vessel is sometimes rendered Kiu Kiang.
  7. ^ [135] The source gives the cylinder diameter as 18 inches - this is a typographical error, it should be 81 inches.
  8. ^ The engine for this ship was originally manufactured by the Phoenix Foundry for Francis Skiddy. The Allaire Works rebuilt the engine for its installation into Dean Richmond. Ryder (1966).
  9. ^ [143] The engine for this vessel was actually that originally fitted to Bay State (1846), salvaged after the latter was scrapped, and rebored to a diameter of 80 inches.

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Flourishing Condition of the New York Machine Shops", Scientific American, New Series, Volume 8, Issue 15, p. 229, 1863-04-11.
  2. ^ a b c James P. Allaire Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, Allaire Village website.
  3. ^ a b Swann, p. 5.
  4. ^ a b c d e Dayton, Chapter 19.
  5. ^ Report of the U.S. National Museum During the Year Ending June 30, 1890, Government Printing Office, Washington 1891, page 618.
  6. ^ a b c Morrison, p. 341.
  7. ^ a b Swann pp. 5-7
  8. ^ Morrison, pp. 214-215.
  9. ^ a b Morrison, p. 272.
  10. ^ Swann, pp. 9-10.
  11. ^ Morrison, pp. 411-412.
  12. ^ "The Thrall of the Blue Riband" Archived 2007-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, by Robert C. Post, Invention and Technology Magazine, Winter 1996, Volume 11, Issue 3, reproduced at American Heritage website.
  13. ^ Naval Contracts and Expenditures (to accompany Bill H. R. No. 884), House of Representatives Report No. 184, 35th Congress, 2nd Session.
  14. ^ Theodosius Fowler Secor, dsecor.familytreeguide.com.
  15. ^ Stiles, pp. 199-200.
  16. ^ Ridgely-Nevitt 1981. p. 301.
  17. ^ Morrison, pp. 376-377.
  18. ^ Morrison, pp. 429-431.
  19. ^ Morrison, pp. 308, 375, 429.
  20. ^ Bauer and Roberts, pp. 67-68, 73-74, 80-81.
  21. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 44.
  22. ^ Bauer and Roberts, pp. 57-58.
  23. ^ Bauer and Roberts, pp. 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 96.
  24. ^ Morrison, pp. 126, 146, 334.
  25. ^ Swann, p. 23.
  26. ^ a b Swann, p. 26.
  27. ^ The information in the table is from the sources cited in the "Name" column except where a cite appears after a particular statistic for another column. If no source is listed at all in the "Name" column, the information is from Morrison (1903).
  28. ^ Morrison, p. 339.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, pp. 266-267.
  30. ^ a b Treasury Dept. 1838. p. 96.
  31. ^ Stanton, Samuel Ward (June 1912). "History of the First Century of Steam Navigation: Chapter XX". Master, Mate and Pilot. Vol. 5, no. 1. New York: The American Association of Masters, Mates and Pilots. p. 17. hdl:2027/nyp.33433069075087.
  32. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 179-180.
  33. ^ a b U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 135.
  34. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 69-71.
  35. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, p. 85.
  36. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 17-18.
  37. ^ Morrison 1909, p. 52.
  38. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 240.
  39. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 205-206.
  40. ^ a b Heyl, Vol. 5, pp. 189-193.
  41. ^ a b U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 247.
  42. ^ Morrison, p. 267.
  43. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 31-32.
  44. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 81.
  45. ^ Heyl, Vol. 5, pp. 261-262.
  46. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 337-338.
  47. ^ a b c Baughman, p. 239.
  48. ^ Morrison, p. 327.
  49. ^ a b U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 64.
  50. ^ Morrison, p. 349.
  51. ^ a b U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, pp. 124-125.
  52. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 65-66.
  53. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 445.
  54. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, p. 13.
  55. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 231.
  56. ^ Morrison, p. 358.
  57. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 332.
  58. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 84.
  59. ^ Morrison, pp. 437-438.
  60. ^ Heyl, Vol. 5, pp. 107-109.
  61. ^ a b c U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, pp. 285-286.
  62. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 19.
  63. ^ Morrison, p. 387.
  64. ^ Stanton, p. 59.
  65. ^ Stanton, p. 47.
  66. ^ Stanton, p. 51.
  67. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, p. 19.
  68. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, pp. 151-152.
  69. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 175-176.
  70. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, pp. 274-275.
  71. ^ U.S. Treasury Dept. 1838, p. 344.
  72. ^ Morrison, p. 370.
  73. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 189-190.
  74. ^ Emmons, pp. 30-35.
  75. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 181-182.
  76. ^ Heyl, Vol. 5, pp. 161-162.
  77. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 221-224.
  78. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 171-172.
  79. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 323-324.
  80. ^ Heyl, Vol. 5, pp. 81-83.
  81. ^ Morrison, p. 308.
  82. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 95-96.
  83. ^ "Pacific and Atlantic Coast Steam Marine", Daily Southern Cross, 1853-10-14.
  84. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 125-126.
  85. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 243-244.
  86. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, pp. 25-26.
  87. ^ Bartol, p. 120.
  88. ^ "Great Steamship Foundries of New York". New York Daily Herald. January 1, 1851.
  89. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 123-124.
  90. ^ Emmons, p. 37. The design and construction of this vessel's machinery was apparently divided between the Allaire Works and T. F. Secor & Co.
  91. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 307-308.
  92. ^ Emmons, p. 37.
  93. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 59.
  94. ^ Heyl, Vol. 5, pp. 255-257.
  95. ^ "From The Gulf", The New York Times, 1861-12-22.
  96. ^ a b Bauer and Roberts, p. 87.
  97. ^ "Steamship Uncle Sam", The New York Times, 1852-09-28.
  98. ^ "Trial Trip of the Steamer Uncle Sam", The New York Times, 1852-11-13.
  99. ^ "An American Gentleman's Yacht", Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, 1853-11-12, p. 4.
  100. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 303-304.
  101. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 463-464.
  102. ^ "Trial Trip Of The Steamer Cahawba", The New York Times, 1854-04-24.
  103. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 65.
  104. ^ a b "Steamship Launch", The New York Times, 1854-08-24.
  105. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 92.
  106. ^ "Launch", The New York Times, 1854-06-15.
  107. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, p. 203.
  108. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 287-288.
  109. ^ Heyl, Vol. 2, p. 279.
  110. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 191.
  111. ^ Frazer, January 1855, p. 57.
  112. ^ "Launch", The New York Times, 1856-09-06.
  113. ^ Frazer 1859, p. 345.
  114. ^ Heyl, Vol. 4, pp. 61-63.
  115. ^ "New Steamboat", The New York Times, 1859-05-24.
  116. ^ Frazer 1859, p. 62.
  117. ^ Main, p. 130.
  118. ^ "Miscellaneous", The New York Times, 1860-09-07.
  119. ^ "The Steam Tug Yankee", Scientific American, New Series, Volume 2, Issue 12, p. 182, 1860-03-17.
  120. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 95.
  121. ^ a b c Main, p. 132.
  122. ^ a b Frazer, p. 180.
  123. ^ "The Steamer Thomas Freeborn", Scientific American, Volume 4, Issue 9, p. 133 (1861-03-02).
  124. ^ a b "The Side-Wheel Steamer City of Norwich", The New York Times, 1862-09-14.
  125. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 88.
  126. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 96.
  127. ^ a b "At Jeremiah Simonson's, Greenpoint, L.I", Scientific American, New Series, Volume 5, Issue 26, p. 405, 1861-12-28.
  128. ^ "The Explosion", The New York Times, 1871-08-03.
  129. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 79-80.
  130. ^ Morrison. p. 337.
  131. ^ "An Ocean Steamer", The New York Times, 1863-07-30.
  132. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, pp. 113-114.
  133. ^ Dayton, p. 268.
  134. ^ "Commercial Enterprise: The American China Trade", The New York Times, 1865-06-20.
  135. ^ "A New Sidewheel Steamer", The New York Times, 1853-02-15.
  136. ^ Heyl, Vol. 4, pp. 101-102.
  137. ^ "Shipbuilding In New York", The New York Times, 1864-12-01.
  138. ^ "Launch Of A Steamship", The New York Times, 1864-06-18.
  139. ^ Heyl, Vol. 3, pp. 289-290.
  140. ^ a b "Shipbuilding In New York", The New York Times, 1865-04-28.
  141. ^ a b "Naval Intelligence", The New York Times, 1865-09-07.
  142. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 299.
  143. ^ Morrison, p. 326.
  144. ^ "Allaire Works", Scientific American, New Series, Volume 12, Issue 7, 1865-02-11.
  145. ^ Heyl, Vol. 1, p. 385.
  146. ^ Heyl, Volume 1, p. 323.
  147. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 67.
  148. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 80.
  149. ^ Bauer and Roberts, pp. 80-81.
  150. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 44.
  151. ^ Bauer and Roberts, p. 57.

Bibliography edit

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