Arbuthnot or Arbuthnott /ɑːrˈbʌθnɒt/ may refer to:

• Michael Arbuthnot Ashcroft, British codebreaker during WW2
• Arbuthnot (surname), Scottish surname (and people with that name)
• Arbuthnot (schooner), British ship during the American Revolutionary War
• Arbuthnot, Saskatchewan, Canada
• Arbuthnott, Scotland
• Arbuthnot Lake, a lake on Mount Baker in Washington
• Arbuthnot Road, Hong Kong
• Arbuthnot & Co, former British bank in India during the 19th century
• Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident, 1818 incident involving men tried for aiding hostile Indians in Florida, USA
• Arbuthnot Latham & Co, British merchant bank
• "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot", poem by Alexander Pope addressed to John Arbuthnot