Bruton's tyrosine kinase (abbreviated Btk or BTK), also known as tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, is a tyrosine kinase that is encoded by the BTK gene in humans. BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development.
BTK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aliases | BTK, AGMX1, AT, ATK, BPK, IMD1, PSCTK1, XLA, Bruton tyrosine kinase, IGHD3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 300300 MGI: 88216 HomoloGene: 30953 GeneCards: BTK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BTK contains five different protein interaction domains. These domains include an amino terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a proline-rich TEC homology (TH) domain, SRC homology (SH) domains SH2 and SH3, as well as a protein kinase domain with tyrosine phosphorylation activity.[5]
Part of the TH domain is folded against the PH domain while the rest is intrinsically disordered.
BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development as it is required for transmitting signals from the pre-B cell receptor that forms after successful immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement.[6] It also has a role in mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor.[7]
Btk contains a PH domain that binds phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 binding induces Btk to phosphorylate phospholipase C, which in turn hydrolyzes PIP2, a phosphatidylinositol, into two second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which then go on to modulate the activity of downstream proteins during B-cell signalling.[8]
Mutations in the BTK gene are implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's agammaglobulinemia); sometimes abbreviated to XLA and selective IgM deficiency.[9] Patients with XLA have normal pre-B cell populations in their bone marrow but these cells fail to mature and enter the circulation. The Btk gene is located on the X chromosome (Xq21.3-q22).[10] At least 400 mutations of the BTK gene have been identified. Of these, at least 212 are considered to be disease-causing mutations.[11]
Approved drugs that inhibit BTK:
Various drugs that inhibit BTK are in clinical trials:[20]
Bruton's tyrosine kinase was discovered in 1993 and is named for Ogden Bruton, who first described XLA in 1952.[10]
Bruton's tyrosine kinase has been shown to interact with: