O'Hurley was born into the Gaelic nobility of Ireland, either in or near Emly, County Tipperary, around the year 1530. His father, William, was the O'Hurley clan's Chief of the Name and Bailiff of Emly, with duties similar to a Tacksman, for James FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond. Dermot's mother was Honora Ni Brien, a descendant of the O'Brien dynasty of Thomond. Both sides of the Archbishop's family claimed descent from the royal derbhfine of the Dál gCais, one of the most powerful Irish clans in the history of Munster or of Gaelic Ireland. The future Archbishop had one sister named Honora Ni Hurley. The "William óg Hurley of Lickadoon" listed among the Desmond rebels to be pardoned is believed to have been the Archbishop's brother. He also had much younger brother named Andrew O'Hurley, whom, as of 1642, was over 80 years old, blind, paralyzed, and living in Portugal. Through his brother Andrew, the Archbishop also had a nephew named John.^[2][3]

The future Archbishop is believed to have received his early education at a Cathedral school overseen by his kinsman, Bishop Thomas O'Hurley, to whom he may have been given in fosterage, in the monastery founded by Saint Ailbe of Emly. The O'Hurley family later moved to Lickadoon Castle, Ballyneety, County Limerick,^[4] where O'Hurley was educated by tutors and then sent to Flemish Brabant to study at the University of Leuven.^[5] In 1551 he graduated with a Master of Arts degree, then a doctorate of Law and was appointed a professor of philosophy in one of that university's greater colleges, where he remained for 15 years and acquired a high reputation as a Renaissance humanist for his commentaries on Aristotle.^[6] According to Richard Verstegen,^[7] in 1574 O'Hurley was appointed a professor of canon and civil law in the Faculty of Law of Reims University by Cardinal Louis de Guise,^[8] at which he spent 4 years.^[9]

According to historian Benignus Millet, who investigated O'Hurley's life in multiple European archives of the period, "The relevant registers and other records of Rheims University disappeared during the French Revolution. A thorough search at the Archives Départmentales in Châlons-sur-Marne in Sept. 1981 confirmed that these documents were lost and that the surviving documentation concerns bursaries and properties."^[10]

After moving to Rome around 1568, O'Hurley advised the Papacy to support a possible Spanish invasion of Ireland to end the religious persecution of Irish Catholics. In 1581, O'Hurley also acted as interpreter for Richard Eustace, the brother and official representative in Rome of the Old English Second Desmond Rebellion leader Viscount Baltinglass.^[11]

Although it was later claimed by Lord Justices Adam Loftus and Henry Wallop in their letters to Sir Francis Walsingham that Archbishop O'Hurley had been employed by the Roman Inquisition, this is not sustainable by other evidence.^[12]

According to Benignus Millet, "A diligent search made in May 1982, at my request, by the archivist, Innocenzo Marianni, O.S.B., failed to discover there any record showing that he had been employed by the Holy Office. Moreover, O'Hurley's name does not occur among those who were on the pay rolls of the Roman curia or the Papal household. It would seem, therefore, that he was privately employed, in the service of one of the cardinals. He may also have taught, perhaps for a brief period, in one of the colleges or seminaries established in Rome since the Council of Trent, though no evidence of this has emerged."^[13]

For example, a 33-line work of praise poetry in Renaissance Latin, which was composed to celebrate Dermot O'Hurley's subsequent promotion to the Episcopate, confirms that he had always been merely a theology professor.^[14] At the most, O'Hurley may have sometimes been consulted by the Roman Inquisition due to his extensive knowledge of the law.^[15]

Though still a layman, Dermot O'Hurley was recommended to Pope Gregory XIII for the next Archbishop of Cashel by Cardinal Nicolas de Pellevé, the de facto Cardinal Protector of Ireland and Scotland, during a consistory meeting on 11 September 1581.^[16] He was ordained and consecrated by Bishop Thomas Goldwell and set out on his mission in 1583.^[9][17]

In 1570 Pope Pius V had excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England for heresy, continuing the Caesaropapism of her father's religious policy, and for the religious persecution of the Catholics under her rule in the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis. This had led to the Second Desmond Rebellion in 1579–83, which was still in progress when O'Hurley was required to travel back to his native Ireland. Through their elaborate espionage system, the Queen's Court in London and her officials in Dublin Castle had immediate knowledge of Dermot O'Hurley's appointment to the See of Cashel, and Sir Francis Walsingham's spies and priest hunters were soon following his trail.^[9]

O'Hurley's voyage was fraught with danger because of the state of war between the Pope and the Queen of England, but he accepted the risks involved and arranged for a sea captain from Drogheda to smuggle him from the French port of Le Croisic into Ireland. Archbishop O'Hurley disembarked upon Holmpatrick Strand in what is now Skerries, County Dublin in the autumn of 1583^[18] and was met by a priest named John Dillon, who accompanied him to Drogheda, where they lodged in a hostelry.^[19]

Archbishop O'Hurley's letters, which had been sent via a different ship, were intercepted by English pirates, who handed the letters over to the Lord Justices in Dublin.^[20]

After being advised by a resident of Drogheda that Lord Justices Loftus and Wallop already knew their location, O'Hurley and Dillon decided to leave for Slane Castle,^[21] where they were concealed by Thomas Fleming, 10th Baron Slane, at one point inside a priest hole.^[22][23] Archbishop O'Hurley also covertly travelled from Slane Castle to Cavan to visit with some fellow priests whom he had known while living in Catholic Europe.^[24] At the time, Cavan town and County Cavan was the territory of the Clan O'Reilly. However, O'Hurley was recognised during a visit to Slane Castle by the Baron's first cousin, Lord Chief Justice Sir Robert Dillon.^[25]

According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "A grave question was started at dinner, in the presence of the squint-eyed Robert Dillon, one of the Queen's judges. The heretics, giving each his own opinion, freely proceeded to such extreme folly, that Dermot, who was present, and long kept silent lest he should betray himself, could not any longer stand their rashness, and so, to the great astonishment of all, he easily refuted the silly doctrines of the heretics, with an air of authority, and great eloquence and learning. Hereupon Dillon was led to surmise that this was some distinguished person who might greatly obstruct heresy."^[26]

Once his suspicions were aroused, Sir Robert Dillon made inquiries, eventually uncovered the real identity of his cousin's houseguest,^[27] and immediately informed Dublin Castle. Baron Slane was immediately summoned by Lord Justices Loftus and Wallop and, under pain of severe penalties, agreed to arrest Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley.^[28]

Meanwhile, the Archbishop had already left Slane Castle and was staying with Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond, a Protestant, referred to as "Black Thomas" (Irish: Tomás dubh) (lit. "Thomas the Black", fig. "Thomas the Puritan"), who was then the Lord Treasurer of Ireland.

As his nickname suggests, the Earl was a Protestant and had played a role in ending the Second Desmond Rebellion through scorched earth and total war that triggered a State-imposed famine, which killed an estimated third of Munster's population. At the same time, however, the Earl's entire family, his Old English tenants, and all the Irish clans subject to his leadership were Catholic Recusants, who were covertly being allowed religious toleration. Meanwhile, Loftus, Wallop, and many other officials in Dublin Castle, greatly envied the Earl's favour with the Queen and kept him accordingly under constant surveillance in the hopes of implicating him in illegally tolerating Catholicism or in anything else that that they might construe as high treason. Despite the extremely high risk, however, the Earl of Ormond seems to have agreed to conceal and protect Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley, as long as he avoided matters other than his religious ministry and remained within the confines of County Tipperary.^[29]

While a guest at the Earl's still extant Elizabethan Manor House at Carrick-on-Suir, the Archbishop wrote a letter to Miler Magrath, the former Franciscan Friar who had become the Protestant Church of Ireland's Archbishop of Cashel. In the letter, Archbishop O'Hurley both requested a meeting^[30] and suggested nonviolent mutual religious toleration of one another's competing apostolates. The Earl of Ormond, to whom O'Hurley had assigned the delivery, did not trust Magrath and secretly kept the letter, which still survives at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University (MS Carte 55, fol. 546).^[31]

Immediately after making a pilgrimage to Holy Cross Abbey near Thurles^[32] in September 1583, Archbishop O'Hurley was met at Ormonde Castle by Baron Slane. The Baron explained the imminent danger to both himself and his family and in return, the Archbishop voluntarily agreed to travel with him and surrender at Dublin Castle.^[33]

During their journey, the conversation turned to the recent conversion to Anglicanism by Peter Power, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ferns. Archbishop O'Hurley commented about his former colleague, "Many who are lions before the battle are timid stags when the hour of trial comes. Lest this prove true of me, I daily pray to our good Lord for strength; for 'let him that thinketh himself to stand look lest he fall.'"^[34]

The unwritten laws governing hospitality were considered sacred among the Gaelic nobility of Ireland and were just as important to Gaelicised Hiberno-Normans like the Earl of Ormond. The Earl is alleged to have felt insulted by the arrest of a guest in his house who was under his protection. Later emigre chronicler Philip O'Sullivan Beare considered the Archbishop's arrest to be so heinous of an insult under the traditional code of conduct that the Earl should have raised the clans subject to him and taken up arms against Baron Slane and the Lord Justices. Even though the Earl chose not to take up arms, O'Sullivan Beare does credit him with doing everything he possibly could to save Archbishop O'Hurley from the executioners.^[35] Other more recent historians, however, believe that the Earl of Ormond may secretly have colluded with Baron Slane and played just as central of a role in arranging the Archbishop's arrest.^[36]

On 8 October 1583 Archbishop O'Hurley was handed over by Baron Slane to Lord Justices Wallop and Loftus and imprisoned in Dublin Castle. Under orders from both Loftus and Wallop, Edward Waterhouse, a senior member of the Irish Privy Council, conducted a series of interrogations of the Archbishop between 8 and 20 October 1583.^[37] The Archbishop admitted that he had been asked by the Cardinal Protector of Ireland to deliver sealed letters to the Rebel Earl and the other leaders of the Second Desmond Rebellion. O'Hurley explained, however, that he had chosen to leave those letters in France, as, "he would not meddle", in matters other than his religious mission,^[38] which, as he repeated insisted, was purely a peaceful one.^[9] Finding these results unsatisfactory, Loftus and Wallop wrote to Sir Francis Walsingham on 20 October 1583, seeking further instructions.^[37]

In his response, Walsingham ordered both Justices to use, "torture or any other severe manner of proceeding" against the Archbishop, "to gain his knowledge of all foreign practices against Her Majesty's States."^[37]

In response, Loftus and Wallop wrote back upon 10 December that they lacked the necessary instruments of torture and recommended instead that Archbishop O'Hurley be transferred to the Tower of London. Instead, Walsingham ordered them to extract information from O'Hurley, "not only of any practice or disturbance pretended against the Land in particular, but also of any foreign conspiracy against Her Majesty in England or any other part of her dominions". Loftus and Wallop were ordered to try gentle persuasion at first, but if that failed, to "put him to the torture... which was to toast his feet against the fire with hot boots."^[37]

According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "First he was brought before Adam, the Chancellor, and Henry, the Treasurer, and civilly and kindly invited to follow the tenets of the heretics, and promised large rewards on condition of abjuring his sacred character; relinquishing the office received from the Pope, and (O villainy!) entering upon the Archbishopric under the Queen's authority. He told them that he was bound and resolved never to desert the Church, Faith, or Vicar of Christ Jesus for any consideration. Then the Chancellor and Treasurer endeavoured to deceive him by cunning arguments, straining every nerve to establish the truth of their falsehoods. Dermot, not relishing this, especially as he was not allowed to reply to their nonsense, bade them, stupid and ignorant men (such was his high spirit), not to offer ridiculous and false doctrines to him, an Archbishop, and Doctor of celebrated academies. Then the heretics, filled with anger, exclaimed: 'If we cannot convince you by argument, we will make you quit this your false law and embrace our religion, or feel our power.'"^[39]

On 7 March 1584,^[37] Archbishop O'Hurley was accordingly subjected to the boiling boot by Edward Waterhouse. His bare feet were imprisoned in iron boots, filled with oil and water, that were slowly heated over a fire until the water boiled away both skin and flesh left the Archbishop's bones partially exposed.^[35] To the even greater fury of Loftus and Wallop, however, O'Hurley refused to embrace Protestantism, "confess" to any political offenses, and still stubbornly declined to "cooperate" in framing the Earl of Ormond for high treason against the Queen.^[40] Instead, Archbishop O'Hurley was heard to repeatedly cry out, "Jesus, Son of David, have mercy upon me"!^[41]

After the torture was finally ceased on fear that the executioner, Edward Waterhouse, might be punished for accidentally killing the Archbishop without orders, O'Hurley was returned to his cell inside Dublin Castle and received medical treatment from a fellow priest named Fr. Charles MacMorris.^[42]

When the Archbishop had recovered enough to sit up and to limp a little, the Queen's officials sent visitors into Dublin Castle, including Thomas Jones, the Anglican Bishop of Meath,^[43] offering O'Hurley a high position within the Church of Ireland hierarchy in return for taking the Oath of Supremacy. Even his only sister, Honora Ni Hurley, according to David Rothe "was induced to go in and tempt him to apostatise and she urgently besought him to yield; but he, frowning on her, ordered her to fall at his knees and humbly beg pardon of God and absolution for so grave a crime against God, so hurtful to her own soul, and so abhorred by her brother."^[44]

According to Fr. Charles Patrick Meehan, "The charge on which he was arrested was alleged treason committed in foreign parts; and the Irish crown-lawyers, taking this into consideration, and doubting whether he could be found guilty, the law not stretching in this particular so far as it did in England, resolved, as he had neither land or goods, that he should be executed by martial law rather than by an ordinary trial."^[45]

According to surviving correspondence between Dublin and Whitehall, Queen Elizabeth I was reluctant to dispense with a fair trial under English Law, but her mind was changed by Sir Francis Walsingham at the urging of Loftus and Wallop, who alleged that a public trial would allow the Archbishop to make an "impudent and clamorous denial" of the charges against him. Loftus and Wallop also feared that a public trial by jury might result in an acquittal for "treasons committed in foreign parts against Her Majesty" owing to the lack of evidence that a crime had been committed and to the widespread Catholic sympathies within the Pale.^[46]

According to Fr. Meehan, "Foreseeing what his fate would be if arraigned before such a tribunal, twenty-four burgesses of Dublin, availing themselves of a statute passed in the reign of Edward IV, memorialized to have him delivered to them on bail, in order that he might have the benefit of common law, to which, as a civilian, he was fully entitled. But their application was refused..."^[47]

On 28 April 1584, a direct order was sent from Walsingham on behalf of the Queen, expressly forbidding the further use of torture,^[37] while also adding that it was the Queen's pleasure that Archbishop O'Hurley, "being so notorious and ill a Subject", should be executed.^[48]

Upon learning that the Earl of Ormonde, by whose influence and power they feared Dermot O'Hurley's life would be saved, was coming to Dublin Castle to congratulate new Lord Deputy Sir John Perrot, Loftus and Wallop decided to put the Archbishop to death as soon as possible.^[35] On 19 June 1584, Loftus and Wallop, with Perrot's permission, tried the Archbishop before a drumhead military tribunal, where the Papal Bull documenting his consecration to the Episcopate, his letters of introduction, and other documents were presented as evidence against him.^[49] Loftus and Wallop then issued a death warrant to the Knight Marshal, with orders to, "do execution", upon Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley.^[50][51] In the early morning of 19,^[52][53][54] or 20,^[1][55] June 1584, O'Hurley was taken out of the Bermingham Tower in Dublin Castle at dawn. Despite efforts at both silence and secrecy, the Archbishop's fellow Catholic prisoners took notice and called out that O'Hurley was innocent.^[56] Power, the former Bishop of Ferns, who, after learning of O'Hurley's constancy, had returned to Catholicism and once again had again been imprisoned, too,^[57] "called out aloud that he rather deserved that fate for the scandal he had formerly given, but that Hurley was an innocent and holy man. Upon which the jailer severely flogged him and the others, and so reduced them to silence."^[58]

As Lord Justice Henry Wallop and three or four guards went before him, the Archbishop was drawn on a hurdle through the Garden Gate, or Postern Gate, in the city walls of Dublin to be hanged in a willow forest,^[59] either in St Stephen's Green^[60] or at Hoggen Green.^[61] The usual location of the gallows in Elizabethan era Dublin was at Lower Baggot Street (Irish: Sráid Bhagóid Íochtarach), formerly called Gallows Road; where Fitzwilliam Street and Baggot Street now intersect and between Fitzwilliam Street and Pembroke Street.^[9][62]

The execution party was taken by surprise by the arrival of a group of Dublin city worthies, who had come to Hoggen Green to shoot an archery match.^[63] In his speech from the gallows, the Archbishop proclaimed,

Be it therefore known unto you...that I am a priest anointed and also a Bishop, although unworthy of soe sacred dignitites, and noe cause could they find against me that might in the least deserve the paines of death, but merely for my funcon of priesthood wherein they have proceeded against me in all pointes cruelly contrarie to their own lawes ...and I doe injoin you (Deere Christian Brethren) to manifest the same to the world and also to beare witness on the Day of Judgment of my Innocent death, which I indure for my function and profession of the most holy Catholick Faith.^[64]

After also "forgiving his torturers with all his heart",^[65] Archbishop O'Hurley was hanged, allegedly from a noose woven out of willow branches in order to further prolong his sufferings by causing a slow death from strangulation.^[66] Afterwards, like other Elizabethan era execution victims, Archbishop O'Hurley was cast into a mass grave located in a nearby field. His body was secretly exhumed, placed in a wooden urn by London-born Recusant William Fitzsimon, and reburied under cover of darkness in consecrated ground at St. Kevin's Church, Camden Row, Dublin.^[67] Many miracles are said to have been wrought at his gravesite,^[68] which has remained a site of pilgrimage ever since.

On 20 June 1584, the same day as O'Hurley's execution, the Archbishop's torturer, Edward Waterhouse, was dubbed knight by Sir John Perrot inside Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, officially because Waterhouse, "dispended yearly more than a thousand marks."

As word of his execution spread, Archbishop O'Hurley was immediately revered as a martyr throughout Catholic Europe.

The ongoing religious persecution that led to his martyrdom also became highly significant as the primary cause of the Nine Years War, which formally began when Irish clan chief Red Hugh O'Donnell expelled English High Sheriff of Donegal Humphrey Willis, but not before Red Hugh listed his reasons for taking up arms against the House of Tudor and alluded to the recent torture and executions of Archbishop O'Hurley and Bishop Patrick O'Hely. According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "Being surrounded there [Willis] surrendered to Roe by whom he was dismissed in safety with an injunction to remember his words, that the Queen and her officers were dealing unjustly with the Irish; that the Catholic religion was contaminated by impiety; that holy bishops and priests were inhumanely and barbarously tortured; that Catholic noblemen were cruelly imprisoned and ruined; that wrong was deemed right; that he himself had been treacherously and perfidiously kidnapped; and that for these reasons he would neither give tribute or allegiance to the English."^[69]

Several accounts of his life and death were printed and reached a wide audience.

Exiled English Recusant poet Richard Verstegan wrote a detailed Renaissance Latin account of Archbishop O'Hurley's martyrdom in the volume Theatrum crudelitatum Hæreticorum nostri temporis ("Theatre of the Cruelties of the Heretics of our Time"), which was published at Antwerp, in the Spanish Netherlands in 1587. Historian J.J. Meagher has written of Verstegan, "He enhanced his account with an engraving which was a composite representation of the three Irish martyrs, Dermot O'Hurley, Patrick O'Healy, and Conn O'Rourke. The printed word helped considerably to propagate and preserve the reputation of martyrdom. There were at least eight editions of Verstegan's Theatrum up to 1607, and these contributed in no small way to maintaining the fama martyrii overseas. Moreover, John Bridgewater, an English priest, reprinted word for word Verstegan's account of the martyrdom in 1588."^[70]

Detailed accounts of Archbishop O'Hurley's life and death were also written and published by Philip O'Sullivan Beare, David Rothe, Luke Wadding, Richard Stanihurst, Anthony Bruodin, John Lynch, John Coppinger, and John Mullin.^[71]

Archbishop Adam Loftus, through his daughter Anne Loftus, who married Sir Henry Colley, was the ancestor of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who was baptized in 1767 by a Church of Ireland clergyman at St. Kevin's Church in Camden Row. It was ultimately the Duke of Wellington who, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1829, forced a bill granting Catholic Emancipation in the British Isles through Parliament and persuaded a highly reluctant King George IV to grudgingly grant the bill Royal Assent. Sir Henry Wallop, on the other hand, is the ancestor of every subsequent Earl of Portsmouth.

Also following Catholic Emancipation in 1829, interest in Archbishop O'Hurley was rekindled by the republication of Bishop David Rothe's Analecta Sancta and Philip O'Sullivan Beare's Historiae Catholicae Iberniae Compendium. According to J.J. Meagher, "The reawakened reputation of martyrdom was further strengthened in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by the historical works and critical editions of manuscripts published by Patrick F. Moran and others."^[71]

In 1904, the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Ireland began an investigation into Archbishop O'Hurley's life and death, as well as those of the other Irish Catholic Martyrs. One of the most valuable resources was found to be the documents and letters written by the men, like Wallop and Loftus, who tortured and executed him and which had been examined in the Public Record Office in London. In response, Archbishop O'Hurley, whose life and martyrdom had been found to be one of the most meticulously documented and was therefore seen as one of the most promising Causes for Roman Catholic Sainthood, was declared a Servant of God.^[72]

In the 12 February 1915 Apostolic decree In Hibernia, heroum nutrice, Pope Benedict XV formally authorized the introduction of Archbishop O'Hurley's Cause for Roman Catholic Sainthood.^[73] During a further Apostolic Process held at Dublin between 1917 and 1930, the evidence surrounding 260 alleged cases for martyrdom were further investigated, after which the findings were again submitted to the Holy See.^[71]

On 27 September 1992, O'Hurley was beatified by Pope John Paul II, alongside 16 other Irish martyrs.^[74] Following his Beatification, a memorial plaque was installed by the Dublin City Council at St Kevin's Churchyard, at the insistence of local activist James O'Doherty.^[9]

• According to Burke's 1879 History of the Irish Lord Chancellors, "Multitudes of pilgrims for three centuries flocked to his tomb, which the fancy, perhaps the superstition, of the people clothed with many legends."^[75] For example, in local Irish folklore, ghost stories about passersby on dark and stormy nights seeing Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley offering the Tridentine Mass in black Requiem vestments upon a makeshift altar over his grave in St. Kevin's churchyard are commonly told. It is said, when the Archbishop reaches the moment of Transubstantiation and the Raising of the Host, that both O'Hurley and the altar disappear and only darkness remains.^[76]

• The Recusant poet Richard Verstegan composed an Elizabethan English elegy about the Archbishop's martyrdom, entitled "Slane's Treason; or The Fall of the Baron of Slane." The poem was set to music by celebrated Richard Cruise, the official harpist to the Earl of Ormond, and became widely popular, both among Hiberno-English-speaking Recusants throughout The Pale and even among the Irish clans throughout Gaelic Ireland.^[77]

• Margaret Ball
• Oliver Plunkett
• Francis Taylor (martyr)

• Dermot O'Hurley, Dictionary of Irish Biography