First, a function ${\displaystyle f(x,y,z)}$  on the sphere is written as ${\displaystyle f(\lambda ,\theta )}$  using spherical coordinates, i.e.,

${\displaystyle f(\lambda ,\theta )=f(\cos \lambda \sin \theta ,\sin \lambda \sin \theta ,\cos \theta ),(\lambda ,\theta )\in [-\pi ,\pi ]\times [0,\pi ].}$ 

The function ${\displaystyle f(\lambda ,\theta )}$  is ${\displaystyle 2\pi }$ -periodic in ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ , but not periodic in ${\displaystyle \theta }$ . The periodicity in the latitude direction has been lost. To recover it, the function is "doubled up” and a related function on ${\displaystyle [-\pi ,\pi ]\times [-\pi ,\pi ]}$  is defined as

${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}(\lambda ,\theta )={\begin{cases}g(\lambda +\pi ,\theta ),&(\lambda ,\theta )\in [-\pi ,0]\times [0,\pi ],\\h(\lambda ,\theta ),&(\lambda ,\theta )\in [0,\pi ]\times [0,\pi ],\\g(\lambda ,-\theta ),&(\lambda ,\theta )\in [0,\pi ]\times [-\pi ,0],\\h(\lambda +\pi ,-\theta ),&(\lambda ,\theta )\in [-\pi ,0]\times [-\pi ,0],\\\end{cases}}}$ 

where ${\displaystyle g(\lambda ,\theta )=f(\lambda -\pi ,\theta )}$  and ${\displaystyle h(\lambda ,\theta )=f(\lambda ,\theta )}$  for ${\displaystyle (\lambda ,\theta )\in [0,\pi ]\times [0,\pi ]}$ . The new function ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}}$  is ${\displaystyle 2\pi }$ -periodic in ${\displaystyle \lambda }$  and ${\displaystyle \theta }$ , and is constant along the lines ${\displaystyle \theta =0}$  and ${\displaystyle \theta =\pm \pi }$ , corresponding to the poles.

The function ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}}$  can be expanded into a double Fourier series

${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}\approx \sum _{j=-n}^{n}\sum _{k=-n}^{n}a_{jk}e^{ij\theta }e^{ik\lambda }}$ 

The DFS method was proposed by Merilees^[1] and developed further by Steven Orszag.^[2] The DFS method has been the subject of relatively few investigations since (a notable exception is Fornberg's work),^[3] perhaps due to the dominance of spherical harmonics expansions. Over the last fifteen years it has begun to be used for the computation of gravitational fields near black holes^[4] and to novel space-time spectral analysis.^[5]