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Drassodes 
Summary
Drassodes is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Niklas Westring in 1851.[5] They are brown, gray, and red spiders that live under rocks or bark in mostly dry habitats, and are generally 3.8 to 11.6 millimetres (0.15 to 0.46 in) long,[6] but can reach up to 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in length.
| Drassodes Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| D. pubescens | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Gnaphosidae |
| Genus: | Drassodes Westring, 1851[1] |
| Type species | |
| D. lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802)
| |
| Species | |
|
162, see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Species edit
As of May 2019[update] it contains 162 species:[1]
- D. adisensis Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
- D. affinis (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile
- D. afghanus Roewer, 1961 – Afghanistan
- D. albicans (Simon, 1878) – Mediterranean
- D. andamanensis Tikader, 1977 – India (Andaman Is.)
- D. andorranus Denis, 1938 – Andorra
- D. angulus Platnick & Shadab, 1976 – USA
- D. arapensis Strand, 1908 – Peru
- D. archibensis Ponomarev & Alieva, 2008 – Russia (Caucasus)
- D. assimilatus (Blackwall, 1865) – Canary Is., Cape Verde Is.
- D. astrologus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) – India
- D. auriculoides Barrows, 1919 – USA
- D. auritus Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan, China
- D. bechuanicus Tucker, 1923 – South Africa
- D. bendamiranus Roewer, 1961 – Afghanistan
- D. bicurvatus Roewer, 1961 – Afghanistan
- D. bifidus Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 – Turkey
- D. brachythelis (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
- D. braendegaardi Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
- D. caffrerianus Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. calceatus Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. cambridgei Roewer, 1951 – India
- D. canaglensis Caporiacco, 1927 – Italy
- D. carinivulvus Caporiacco, 1934 – India
- D. caspius Ponomarev & Tsvetkov, 2006 – Turkey, Russia (Europe, Caucasus), Kazakhstan
- D. cerinus Simon, 1897 – India
- D. charcoviae (Thorell, 1875) – Ukraine
- D. charitonovi Tuneva, 2004 – Kazakhstan
- D. chybyndensis Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 – Russia (Europe to Central Asia), Kazakhstan, Iran
- D. clavifemur (Reimoser, 1935) – India (Karakorum, Kashmir)
- D. crassipalpus (Roewer, 1961) – Afghanistan
- D. cupa Tuneva, 2004 – Kazakhstan
- D. cupreus (Blackwall, 1834) – Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Russia (Europe to Far East)
- D. dagestanus Ponomarev & Alieva, 2008 – Russia (Caucasus)
- D. daliensis Yang & Song, 2003 – China
- D. delicatus (Blackwall, 1867) – India
- D. deoprayagensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1975 – India
- D. depilosus Dönitz & Strand, 1906 – Japan
- D. deserticola Simon, 1893 – Algeria, Libya
- D. difficilis (Simon, 1878) – Spain, France, Italy, Turkey?
- D. dispulsoides Schenkel, 1963 – China
- D. distinctus (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria
- D. dregei Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. drydeni Petrunkevitch, 1914 – Myanmar
- D. ellenae (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) – Philippines
- D. ereptor Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. falciger Jézéquel, 1965 – Ivory Coast
- D. fedtschenkoi (Kroneberg, 1875) – Uzbekistan
- D. fugax (Simon, 1878) – Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Central Asia, China
- D. gangeticus Tikader & Gajbe, 1975 – India
- D. gia Melic & Barrientos, 2017 – Spain
- D. gilvus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
- D. gooldi Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. gosiutus Chamberlin, 1919 – USA, Canada
- D. gujaratensis Patel & Patel, 1975 – India
- D. hamiger (Thorell, 1877) – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- D. hebei Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 – China
- D. helenae Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. heterophthalmus Simon, 1905 – India
- D. himalayensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1975 – India
- D. ignobilis Petrunkevitch, 1914 – Myanmar
- D. imbecillus (L. Koch, 1875) – Ethiopia
- D. inermis (Simon, 1878) – Spain (Menorca), France
- D. infletus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – China (Yarkand), Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia
- D. insidiator Thorell, 1897 – Myanmar
- D. insignis (Blackwall, 1862) – Brazil
- D. interemptor (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – China (Yarkand)
- D. interlisus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – China (Yarkand)
- D. interpolator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – Tajikistan, China (Yarkand)
- D. involutus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – China (Yarkand)
- D. jakkabagensis Charitonov, 1946 – Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
- D. jiufeng Tang, Song & Zhang, 2001 – China
- D. kaszabi Loksa, 1965 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia
- D. katunensis Marusik, Hippa & Koponen, 1996 – Russia (South Siberia)
- D. kibonotensis Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
- D. krausi (Roewer, 1961) – Afghanistan
- D. kwantungensis Saito, 1937 – China
- D. lacertosus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Greece, Turkey, Israel, Syria
- D. lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) (type) – Europe, Turkey, Israel, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan
- Drassodes l. bidens (Simon, 1878) – France
- D. lapsus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – China (Yarkand)
- D. licenti Schenkel, 1953 – Mongolia
- D. lindbergi Roewer, 1961 – Afghanistan
- D. lividus Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan
- D. longispinus Marusik & Logunov, 1995 – Russia (South Siberia, Far East), China, Korea
- D. lophognathus Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. luridus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) – India
- D. luteomicans (Simon, 1878) – Southern Europe
- D. lutescens (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Mediterranean, Ukraine, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia, Pakistan
- D. lyratus Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. lyriger Simon, 1909 – Ethiopia
- D. macilentus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) – India
- D. malagassicus (Butler, 1880) – Madagascar
- D. mandibularis (L. Koch, 1866) – Russia (Europe)
- D. manducator (Thorell, 1897) – Myanmar
- D. masculus Tucker, 1923 – South Africa
- D. mauritanicus Denis, 1945 – North Africa
- D. meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India
- D. mirus Platnick & Shadab, 1976 – Russia (Far East), North America
- D. montenegrinus (Kulczyński, 1897) – Croatia, Serbia
- D. monticola (Kroneberg, 1875) – Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
- D. nagqu Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 – China
- D. narayanpurensis Gajbe, 2005 – India
- D. natali Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 – Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan
- D. neglectus (Keyserling, 1887) – Russia (Middle to East Siberia, Far East), North America
- D. nox Dönitz & Strand, 1906 – Japan
- D. nugatorius (Karsch, 1881) – Libya, Arabia
- D. obscurus (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria
- D. parauritus Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 – China
- D. paroculus Simon, 1893 – Spain
- D. parvidens Caporiacco, 1934 – India, Pakistan
- D. pashanensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India
- D. pectinifer Schenkel, 1936 – China
- D. phagduaensis Tikader, 1964 – Nepal
- D. placidulus Simon, 1914 – France
- D. platnicki Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 – Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Mongolia, China
- D. prosthesimiformis Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
- D. pseudolesserti Loksa, 1965 – Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China
- D. pubescens (Thorell, 1856) – Europe, Turkey, Israel, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan
- D. robatus Roewer, 1961 – Afghanistan
- D. rostratus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 – Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan
- D. rubicundulus Caporiacco, 1934 – India, Pakistan
- D. rubidus (Simon, 1878) – Portugal, Spain, France, Italy (Sardinia)
- D. rugichelis Denis, 1962 – Madeira
- D. russulus (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Java)
- D. saccatus (Emerton, 1890) – North America
- D. saganus Strand, 1918 – Japan
- D. sagarensis Tikader, 1982 – India
- D. saitoi Schenkel, 1963 – China
- D. serratichelis (Roewer, 1928) – Spain (Majorca), Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Israel. Introduced to USA
- D. serratidens Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (South Siberia to Far East), China, Korea, Japan
- D. sesquidentatus Purcell, 1908 – South Africa
- D. shawanensis Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 – China
- D. similis Nosek, 1905 – Turkey
- D. simplex Kulczyński, 1926 – Russia (Kamchatka)
- D. simplicivulvus Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
- D. singulariformis Roewer, 1951 – India
- D. sirmourensis (Tikader & Gajbe, 1977) – India, China
- D. sitae Tikader & Gajbe, 1975 – India
- D. sockniensis (Karsch, 1881) – Libya
- D. solitarius Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. soussensis Denis, 1956 – Morocco
- D. splendens Tucker, 1923 – South Africa
- D. stationis Tucker, 1923 – South Africa
- D. sternatus Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
- D. striatus (L. Koch, 1866) – Hungary, Balkans, Romania, Ukraine
- D. subviduatus Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
- D. taehadongensis Paik, 1995 – Korea
- D. tarrhunensis (Karsch, 1881) – Libya
- D. termezius Roewer, 1961 – Afghanistan
- D. tesselatus Purcell, 1907 – South Africa
- D. thaleri Hervé, 2009 – France
- D. thimei (L. Koch, 1878) – Turkmenistan
- D. tikaderi (Gajbe, 1987) – India
- D. tiritschensis Miller & Buchar, 1972 – Afghanistan
- D. tortuosus Tucker, 1923 – South Africa
- D. unicolor (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Greece (Crete), Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel
- D. uritai Tang, Oldemtu, Zhao & Song, 1999 – China
- D. venustus (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile
- D. villosus (Thorell, 1856) – Europe, Turkey, Central Asia, Russia (Europe to Far East)
- D. viveki (Gajbe, 1992) – India
- D. vorax Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
References edit
- ^ a b c "Gen. Drassodes Westring, 1851". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
- ^ Ubick, D.; Roth, V. D. (1973). "Nearctic Gnaphosidae including species from adjacent Mexican states". American Arachnology. 9: 1.
- ^ a b c Murphy, J. (2007). Gnaphosid genera of the world. British Arachnological Society, St Neots, Cambridgeshire. p. 54.
- ^ Chatzaki, M.; Thaler, K.; Mylonas, M. (2002). "Ground spiders (Gnaphosidae, Araneae) of Crete and adjacent areas of Greece. Taxonomy and distribution. II". Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 109: 618.
- ^ Westring, N. (1851). "Förteckning öfver de till närvarande tid Kände, i Sverige förekommande Spindlarter, utgörande ett antal af 253, deraf 132 äro nya för svenska Faunan". Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhälles Handlingar. 2: 25–62.
- ^ "Genus Drassodes". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-06-04.