Summary
Flour beetles are members of several darkling beetle genera including Tribolium and Tenebrio. They are pests of cereal silos and are widely used as laboratory animals, as they are easy to keep. The flour beetles consume wheat and other grains, are adapted to survive in very dry environments, and can withstand even higher amounts of radiation than cockroaches.[1] They are a major pest in the agricultural industry and are highly resistant to insecticides.[dubious ]
| Flour beetles | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tribolium castaneum | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Superfamily: | Tenebrionoidea |
| Family: | Tenebrionidae |
| Genera | |
|
Aphanotus | |
Red flour beetles infest multiple different types of products such as grains, cereals, spices, seeds, and even cake mixes. They are also very susceptible to insecticides, which makes their damage very impactful on the economy of milling industries.[2]
The larvae of T. molitor, when full-grown, are known as mealworms; small specimens and the larvae of the other species are called mini mealworms.
Female reproduction is distributed over their adult life-span which lasts about a year. Flour beetles also display pre-mating discrimination among potential mates. Female flour beetles, specifically of T. castaneum, can mate with different males and may choose more attractive males over the course of their adult life-span.[3]
Selected species edit
- Aphanotus brevicornis – North American flour beetle
- Tribolium castaneum – red flour beetle
- Tribolium confusum – confused flour beetle
- Tribolium destructor – destructive flour beetle
- Tenebrio molitor – yellow mealworm beetle
- Tenebrio obscurus – dark mealworm beetle
- Gnatocerus cornutus - broad horned flour beetle
Research edit
In 2008, the Tribolium castaneum genome was sequenced by the Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium.[4]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Tuncbilek, A.S.; Ayvaz, A.; Öztürk, F.; Kaplan, B. (2003). "Gamma radiation sensitivity of larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst". Journal of Pest Science. 76 (5): 129–132. doi:10.1007/s10340-003-0002-9. S2CID 21344878.
- ^ Yao, Jianxiu; Chen, Chengyu; Wu, Hua; Chang, Jing; Silver, Kristopher; Campbell, James F.; Arthur, Frank H.; Zhu, Kun Yan (2019-12-01). "Differential susceptibilities of two closely-related stored product pests, the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), to five selected insecticides". Journal of Stored Products Research. 84: 101524. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2019.101524. ISSN 0022-474X.
- ^ Fedina, Tatyana Y.; Lewis, Sara M. (21 April 2018). "An integrative view of sexual selection in Tribolium flour beetles". Biological Reviews. 83 (2): 151–171. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00037.x. PMID 18429767. S2CID 9074999.
- ^ Schröder, R. (2008). "The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum". Nature. 452 (7190): 949–955. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..949R. doi:10.1038/nature06784. PMID 18362917.
External links edit
