The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層; RR: Jinju-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea.[1] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[2] The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating.[3] It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.
Jinju Formation | |
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Stratigraphic range: Albian ~ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Shindong Group |
Underlies | Chilgog Formation, Iljig Formation |
Overlies | Hasandong Formation |
Thickness | 1,000–1,800 m (3,300–5,900 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Shale |
Other | Sandstone |
Location | |
Coordinates | 35°06′N 128°06′E / 35.1°N 128.1°E |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 44°18′N 122°42′E / 44.3°N 122.7°E |
Region | North Gyeongsang Province |
Country | South Korea |
Extent | Gyeongsang Basin(ko:경상 분지) |
Jinju Formation (South Korea) |
A diverse spider fauna is known from the formation, including indeterminate mygalomorphs and palpimanoids as well as two species of lagonomegopid belonging to the genera Koreamegops and Jinjumegops.[4] Other compression fossils known from the formation include a species of the zhangsolvid fly Buccinatormyia, the elaterid beetle Koreagrypnus, and the ichthyodectiform fish Jinjuichthys. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils.[5] Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.[6]
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2022) |
Plants of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Cupressinocladus | C. sp.[7] | The presence of this conifer indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation. | ||||
Ruffordia | R. sp.[8] | Schizaeaceae ferns | ||||
Cladophlebis | C. sp.[8] | |||||
Sphenopteris | S. sp.[8] | |||||
Onychiopsis | O. elongata[9] | leptosporangiate ferns | ||||
Brachyphyllum | B. japonicum[9] |
Spiders of the Jinju Formation[4] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Korearachne | K. jinju | likely to be a lycosoid | ||||
Koreamegops | K. samsiki | a lagonomegopid | ||||
Jinjumegops | J. dalingwateri | a lagonomegopid | ||||
Mygalomorphae | indeterminate | |||||
Araneomorphae | indeterminate | |||||
Palpimanoidea | indeterminate | |||||
"Cribellate Entelegynae" |
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Jinju formation consists of a diverse order of insects: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Mantodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Mecoptera, etc. A larvae fossil of aquatic insect has also been discovered.[6]
Cockroaches of the Jinju Formation[10] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Rhipidioblattina |
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Mesoblattina |
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Samaroblatta | S. sp. cf. S. rhypha | |||||
Blattula |
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Mesoblattula | M. sp. | |||||
Indeterminate | A total of 13 indeterminate species |
Beetles of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Coptoclava[11] | C. sp | Both nymph and adult fossils found | A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex. | |||
Megalithomerus[12] | M. magolhalmii | A member of Elateridae | ||||
Koreagrypnus[12] | K. jinju | |||||
Cretosaja[13] | C. jinjuensis | A member of Silphidae | ||||
Notocupes[14] | N. premeris | A member of Archostemata | ||||
Asiana[15] | A. pax | |||||
Brochocoleus[15] | B. sacheonensis | A member of Ommatidae | ||||
B. cf. punctatus | ||||||
Omma[15] | O. sp. | |||||
Zygadenia[15] | Z. cornigera |
Earwigs of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
cf. Pygidicranoidea[16] | indeterminate |
Flies of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Buccinatormyia[17] | B. gangnami | A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song |
Heteropterans of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Jinjupopovina | J. eosahwae[18] | A member of Yuripopovinidae |
Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Korehelorus | K. jinjuensis[19] | A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae | ||||
Hanguksyntexis | H. haeretica[20] | A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae |
Dragonflies of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Hemeroscopus | H. baissicus[21] |
Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Panorpidium | P. spica[22] | A member of Elcanidae |
Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Mesoraphidia[23] |
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A member of Mesoraphidiidae |
Lacewings of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Tachinymphes[24] | T. koraiensis | A member of the family Mesochrysopidae. |
Termites of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Sclerotermes[25] | S. samsiki | Known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement |
Isopods of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Archaeoniscus[26] | A. coreaensis | A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus |
Ostracods of the Jinju Formation[27] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Scabriculocypris | S. yanbianensis | Jeongcheon | ||||
Cypridea |
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C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon | ||||
Mongolocypris | M. kohi[29] | |||||
Lycopterocypris | L. cf. celsa | Jeongcheon | ||||
Candona | C. sp. | |||||
Djungarica | D. sp. | Jeongcheon |
Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Yanjiestheria[30] |
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Fishes of the Jinju Formation[31][32] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Wakinoichthys[33] | W. aokii | An osteoglossiform | ||||
Jinjuichthys[34] | J. cheongi | An ichthyodectiform | ||||
Albuliformes | indeterminate | |||||
Sinamia | S. sp. | An amiiform | ||||
Lepidotes | L. sp. | Largest fish found in this formation, reaching 40 cm (1.3 ft) in total length. | ||||
Lepisosteiformes | indeterminate | |||||
Elopiformes | indeterminate | A small fish, reaching 3 cm (1.2 in) in total length. |
Reptiles of the Jinju Formation[31] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region[35] | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Crocodyliformes indet. | Goryeong | a right mandible | ||||
Titanosauriformes indet.[36] | Sacheon | a tooth | Initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) considers it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. | |||
Pterodactyloidea indet. | Goryeong | teeth | While suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) considers them to be Anhanguerian instead on the basis of the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.[37][38] |
Bivalves of the Jinju Formation[39] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Plicatounio | P. naktongensis | |||||
Nagdongia | N. soni | The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some. | ||||
Trigonioides | T. jaehoi |
Gastropods of the Jinju Formation[8] | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Brotiopsis | B. kobayashi | dominant gastropod of the formation | ||||
Thiara | T. sp. | |||||
Viviparus[40] | V. sp. |
Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation | ||||||
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Ichnogenus | Ichnospecies | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Grallator[41] | Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi | |||||
Corpulentapus[41] | Theropod track | |||||
Asianopodus[41] | Theropod track | |||||
Dromaeosauriformipes[42] | D. rarus | Didactyl tracks made by either juvenile dromaeosaur or very small species of trackmaker, represents the smallest non-avian dinosaur tracks known. | ||||
Dromaeosauripus[43] | D. jinjuensis | Namhae[35] | Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur. | |||
Ignotornis | I. seoungjoseoi[44] | Bird Track | ||||
Jindongornipes | J. isp.[44] | Bird Track | ||||
Koreasaltipes[45] | K. jinjuensis | Jinju[35] | Traces left by a hopping mammal | |||
Neosauroides | N. innovatus[46] | The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea. | ||||
cf. Chelichnus[47] | Sacheon[35] | Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.[48] | ||||
Ranipes[47] | indeterminate | Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances. | ||||
Crocodylopodus[49] | First report of this ichogenus from Asia. | |||||
Batrachopus | B. grandis[50] | Track made by a 3 m (9.8 ft) long bipedal crocodylomorph; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis.[50] Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.[51] | ||||
Minisauripus | M. isp.[5] | One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea. | ||||
Pteraichnus | Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis. | |||||
Lockeia | L. gigantus[40] | Resting bivalve trace fossils | ||||
Diplichnites | D. isp.[8] | Arthropod tracks | ||||
Coclichnus | C. isp.[8] | Trace by Annelida tracemakers | ||||
Radialimbricatus[54] | R. bitoensis | Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids | ||||
Protovirgularia[55] | P. dichotoma | First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly[56] | ||||
Fictovichnus[57] | indeterminate | Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow | ||||
Chondrites | C. isp.[58] | |||||
Palaeophycus | P. tubularis[58] | |||||
Helminthopsis | H. hieroglyphica[58] | |||||
Skolithos | S. magnus[58] | |||||
Taenidium | T. barretti[58] | |||||
Torrowangea | T. rosei[58] |