Legislature_X_of_Italy Knowpia

Legislature X of Italy

X legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
Legislature X of Italy ; X legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
10th legislature
Type
Type	bicameral
Houses	Chamber of Deputies; Senate of the Republic
History
Founded	2 July 1987
Disbanded	22 April 1992 (4 years, 295 days)
Preceded by	IX Legislature
Succeeded by	XI Legislature
Leadership
President of the Senate	Giovanni Spadolini, PRI ; since 2 July 1987
President of the Chamber of Deputies	Nilde Iotti, PCI ; since 2 July 1987
Structure
Seats	630 (C); 315 (S)
Chamber of Deputies political groups	DC (234); PCI–PDS (149); PSI (100); MSI (33); PRI (20); SI (19); V (16); PSDI (12); PLI (11); DP (11); FE (8); Mixed (16);
Senate political groups	DC (129); PCI (74); PSI (45); SI (15); MSI (15); PRC (11); PRI (9); FE (6); PSDI (5); Mixed (14);
Elections
Chamber of Deputies voting system	Proportional
Senate voting system	Proportional
Last general election	14 June 1987
Meeting place
	Palazzo Montecitorio, Rome (C)
	Palazzo Madama, Rome (S)
Website
	storia.camera.it/legislature/leg-repubblica-X; www.senato.it/leg10/home
Constitution
	Constitution of Italy

The Legislature X of Italy (Italian: X Legislatura della Repubblica Italiana) was the 10th legislature of the Italian Republic, and lasted from 2 July 1987 until 22 April 1992.^[1]^[2] Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 14 and 15 June 1987. The election was called by President Cossiga on 28 April 1987, when he dissolved the Houses of Parliament.^[3]

History edit

Following the general election, Christian democrat Giovanni Goria, a protégé of DC party leader Ciriaco De Mita, became Prime Minister at the head of a renewed Pentapartito coalition. At that time Goria was the youngest Prime Minister of Italy since the birth of the republic. Despite the initial credit towards Goria's reformist agenda, he was soon forced to resign in April 1988 after the Parliament refused to pass the government budget. Subsequently, De Mita himself was appointed Prime Minister: his short time in office just witnessed the passage of a law in May 1988 that introduced a new benefit for salaried workers called "benefit for the family nucleus", with the amount varying depending on the number of family members and the family income of the previous year.^[4]

However, in Spring 1989 the so-called "pact of the camper" stipulated between the socialist leader Bettino Craxi and the Christian democratic leaders Arnaldo Forlani and Giulio Andreotti – secretly shared in a parking out of Ex Ansaldo factory in Milan, where the Congress of the Italian Socialist Party were taking place – provided a new path that would have started with the fall of the De Mita's government and the formation of a cabinet with a social democrat-led transition, culminating in another Craxi's government, while Andreotti or Forlani would have been elected President of Italy in the 1992 presidential election. As agreed, shortly after De Mita's government fell and on 22 July 1989 Andreotti was sworn in for the third time as Prime Minister. His government was characterized by a turbulent course: Andreotti decided to stay at the head of government, despite the abandonment of many social democratic ministers, after the approval of the norm on TV spots (favorable to private TV channels of Silvio Berlusconi).

In 1990 Andreotti revealed the existence of the Operation Gladio; Gladio was the codename for a clandestine North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the Cold War. Its purpose was to prepare for, and implement, armed resistance in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion and conquest. Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organizations, "Operation Gladio" is used as an informal name for all of them.^[5]

During his premiership Andreotti clashed many times with President of the Republic Francesco Cossiga.

Government edit

Prime Minister		Party	Term of office		Government	Composition
Prime Minister		Party	Took office	Left office	Government	Composition
	Giovanni Goria (1943–1994)	Christian Democracy	28 July 1987	13 April 1988	Goria	DC • PSI • PSDI • PLI • PRI (Pentapartito)
	Ciriaco De Mita (1928–2022)	Christian Democracy	13 April 1988	22 July 1989	De Mita	DC • PSI • PSDI • PLI • PRI (Pentapartito)
	Giulio Andreotti (1919–2013)	Christian Democracy	22 July 1989	12 April 1991	Andreotti VI	DC • PSI • PSDI • PLI • PRI (Pentapartito)
	Giulio Andreotti (1919–2013)	Christian Democracy	12 April 1991	28 June 1992	Andreotti VII	DC • PSI • PSDI • PLI (Quadripartito)

Composition edit

Chamber of Deputies edit

President: Nilde Iotti (PCI), elected on 2 July 1987
Vice Presidents: Aldo Aniasi (PSI), Alfredo Biondi (PLI), Vito Lattanzio (DC, until 12 May 1988), Gerardo Bianco (DC, until 27 July 1990), Michele Zolla (DC, from 12 May 1988), Adolfo Sarti (DC, from 18 October 1990)

Parliamentary groups in the Chamber of Deputies
Parliamentary group		Seats	Parliamentary group		Seats	Change
Initial composition^[6]			Final composition^[6]
	Christian Democratic	234		Christian Democratic	234
	Communist	157		Communist Group – PDS	149	8
	Italian Socialist Party	94		Italian Socialist Party	100	6
	MSI – National Right	34		MSI – National Right	33	1
	Republican	21		Republican	20	1
	Independent Left	20		Independent Left	19	1
	Italian Democratic Socialist Party	17		Italian Democratic Socialist Party	12	5
	Green	13		Green	16	3
	European Federalist	12		European Federalist	8	4
	Italian Liberal Party	11		Italian Liberal Party	11
	Proletarian Democracy	8		DP – Communists	11	3
	Mixed	8		Mixed	16	8

Total seats		629	Total seats		629

Senate edit

President: Giovanni Spadolini (PRI), elected on 2 July 1987
Vice Presidents: Luciano Lama (PDS), Paolo Emilio Taviani (DC), Giorgio De Giuseppe (DC), Gino Scevarolli (PSI)

Parliamentary groups in the Senate of the Republic
Parliamentary group			Seats	Parliamentary group			Seats	Change
Initial composition^[7]				Final composition^[7]
	Christian Democratic		127		Christian Democracy		129	2
	Communist		85		Communist – PDS		74	11
	Italian Socialist Party		45		Italian Socialist Party		45
	Independent Left		17		Independent Left		15	2
	Italian Social Movement – National Right		16		Italian Social Movement – National Right		15	1
	Republican		9		Republican		9
	Italian Democratic Socialist Party		7		Italian Democratic Socialist Party		5	2
	European Federalist Ecologist		6		European Federalist Ecologist		6
					Communist Refoundation		11	11
	Mixed		12		Mixed		14	2
		Italian Liberal Party	3			Liberal	3
		South Tyrolean People's Party	2			South Tyrolean People's Party	2
		Progressive Democratic Autonomists	1			Progressive Democratic Autonomists	1
		Sardinian Action Party	1			Sardinian Action Party	1
		Lega Lombarda	1			Lega Lombarda – Lega Nord	1
		Green List	1					1
		Proletarian Democracy	1					1
						Federation of the Greens	1	1
						Housewives – Pensioners	1	1
		Non inscrits	2			Non inscrits	4	2

Total seats			324	Total seats			323	1

Senators for Life edit

Senator	Motivation	Appointed by	From	Till
Cesare Merzagora	Merits in the social field	President Antonio Segni	Previous legislature	1 May 1991 (deceased)
Giuseppe Saragat	Former President of Italy	ex officio	Previous legislature	11 June 1988 (deceased)
Amintore Fanfani	Merits in the social field	President Giovanni Leone	Previous legislature	Next legislature
Giovanni Leone	Former President of Italy	ex officio	Previous legislature	Next legislature
Leo Valiani	Merits in the social field	President Sandro Pertini	Previous legislature	Next legislature
Camilla Ravera	Merits in the social field	President Sandro Pertini	Previous legislature	14 April 1988 (deceased)
Carlo Bo	Merits in the literary field	President Sandro Pertini	Previous legislature	Next legislature
Norberto Bobbio	Merits in the social and scientific field	President Sandro Pertini	Previous legislature	Next legislature
Sandro Pertini	Former President of Italy	ex officio	Previous legislature	24 February 1990 (deceased)

Giovanni Spadolini	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	2 May 1991	Next legislature
Giovanni Agnelli	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991	Next legislature
Giulio Andreotti	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991	Next legislature
Francesco De Martino	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991	Next legislature
Paolo Emilio Taviani	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991	Next legislature

References edit

^ "X Legislatura della Repubblica italiana / Legislature / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico". storia.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ "Senato della Repubblica – 10ª Legislatura". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ "IX Legislatura / Cronologia / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico". storia.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ European Observatory on Family Policies: National Family Policies in EC-Countries in 1990 by Wilfred Dumon in collaboration with Françoise Bartiaux, Tanja Nuelant, and experts from each of the member states
^ Haberman, Clyde (16 November 1990). "Evolution in Europe; Italy Discloses its Web of Cold War Guerrillas". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "X Legislatura della Repubblica italiana / Legislature / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico". storia.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b "senato.it – Composizione dei gruppi parlamentari nella X Legislatura". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2019.

[1] "X Legislatura della Repubblica italiana / Legislature / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico". storia.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.

[2] "Senato della Repubblica – 10ª Legislatura". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.

[3] "IX Legislatura / Cronologia / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico". storia.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.

[4] European Observatory on Family Policies: National Family Policies in EC-Countries in 1990 by Wilfred Dumon in collaboration with Françoise Bartiaux, Tanja Nuelant, and experts from each of the member states

[Haberman_Times_1990-5] Haberman, Clyde (16 November 1990). "Evolution in Europe; Italy Discloses its Web of Cold War Guerrillas". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2015.

[chamber_composition-6] "X Legislatura della Repubblica italiana / Legislature / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico". storia.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2019.

[senate_composition-7] "senato.it – Composizione dei gruppi parlamentari nella X Legislatura". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2019.

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