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List of Flash animated films 
Summary
This list of Adobe Flash animated films consists of animated feature and/or TV films produced in Adobe Animate (formerly Adobe Flash Professional, Macromedia Flash, and FutureSplash Animator). It is organized by the year of release.
Flash animated feature films edit
Non-Flash films that utilized Flash edit
| Year | Title | Country | Usage | Length (Minutes) |
Studio(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut | United States | Opening credits (created with traditional animation and After Effects) | 81 | Paramount Pictures / Warner Bros. / Comedy Central Films | |
| 1999 | Fantasia 2000 | United States | Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 sequence | 75 | Disney | |
| 2001 | Monsters, Inc. | United States | Opening sequence and ending credits (created with traditional animation and After Effects) | 92 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2002 | Ice Age | United States | Manny's flashback | 81 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2002 | Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie | United States | The Peas' imagination sequence | 83 | Big Idea Entertainment / F·H·E Pictures | |
| 2003 | The Cat In The Hat | United States | DreamWorks Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Imagine Entertainment 2D animation creations / Opening sequence | 82 | DreamWorks Pictures / Universal Pictures / Imagine Entertainment | |
| 2004 | The Incredibles | United States | Ending credits | 115 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2005 | Nanny McPhee | United States / United Kingdom | Ending credits | 99 | Universal Pictures / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer / StudioCanal / Working Title Films | |
| 2006 | Curious George | United States | Additional animation / Ending credits | 90 | Universal Pictures / Universal Animation Studios / Imagine Entertainment | |
| 2006 | Flushed Away | United States / United Kingdom | The Toad's Scrapbook sequence | 85 | Paramount Pictures / DreamWorks Animation / Aardman Animations | |
| 2007 | Ratatouille | United States / France | Ending credits / Chef Gusteau's book sequence | 111 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2007 | Roxy Hunter and the Mystery of the Moody Ghost | United States | Opening sequence | 93 | Nickelodeon Movies | |
| 2007 | Bee Movie | United States | Ending credits | 95 | Paramount Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2007 | La leyenda de la Nahuala | Mexico | Additional animation | 84 | Animex Producciones | |
| 2008 | Horton Hears a Who! | United States | 2D flying speck sequence / Horton's anime sequence | 86 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2008 | Kung Fu Panda | United States | Opening sequence and ending credits | 92 | Paramount Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2008 | WALL-E | United States | Ending credits | 98 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2008 | Bolt | United States | Ending credits | 97 | Disney | |
| 2008 | The Secret of Kells | Ireland | Animal creations / Dream sequences | 75 | GKIDS / Cartoon Saloon | |
| 2008 | Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa | United States | Ending credits | 89 | Paramount Pictures / DreamWorks Animation / PDI | |
| 2009 | Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs | United States | Baby Brent Sardines commercial / Ending credits | 92 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation | |
| 2009 | Una Película de Huevos | Mexico | Opening credits | 90 | Videocine / Huevocartoon Producciones | |
| 2009 | Black Dynamite | United States | End credits | 84 | ARS Nova | |
| 2009 | Nikté | México | Additional Animation | 93 | Animex Producciones / Universal Pictures | |
| 2009 | Astro Boy | United States / Hong Kong | School Video about Robots | 94 | Summit Entertainment / Imangi Entertainment | |
| 2009 | Planet 51 | United States / Spain | Ending credits | 91 | Tristar Pictures / Ilion Animation Studios / Hand Made Films International | |
| 2010 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid | United States | Animated cutscenes | 92 | 20th Century Fox / Color Force | |
| 2010 | Nanny McPhee Returns | United States / United Kingdom | Ending credits | 112 | Universal Pictures / Relativity Media / StudioCanal / Working Title Films | |
| 2010 | Tangled | United States | Ending credits | 100 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2010 | Yogi Bear | United States | Ending credits | 82 | Warner Bros. Pictures | |
| 2011 | Rango | United States | Ending credits | 107 | Paramount Pictures / GK Films / Nickelodeon Movies | |
| 2011 | Rio | United States | Ending credits | 96 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2011 | Kung Fu Panda 2 | United States | Opening sequence / Soothsayer's story / Ending credits | 90 | Paramount Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2011 | Cars 2 | United States | Automatic Japan Bathroom screens / Ending credits | 106 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2011 | Winnie the Pooh | United States | Additional animation | 61 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2011 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules | United States | Animated cutscenes | 100 | 20th Century Fox / Color Force | |
| 2011 | The Smurfs | United States | Scrolling ending credits | 103 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / The Kerner Entertainment Company | |
| 2011 | Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked | United States | Ending credits | 92 | 20th Century Fox / Regency Enterprises | |
| 2011 | The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn | United States / Belgium | Opening sequence | 107 | Paramount Pictures / Columbia Pictures / Nickelodeon Movies | |
| 2012 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days | United States | Animated cutscenes | 94 | 20th Century Fox / Color Force | |
| 2012 | ParaNorman | United States | TV screens / Ending credits | 93 | Focus Features / Laika | |
| 2012 | El Santos vs. la Tetona Mendoza | Mexico | Additional animation | 96 | Ánima Estudios (under Átomo Films) / Peyote Films /Ítaca Films / Videocine Distribución | |
| 2012 | Hotel Transylvania | United States | Ending credits | 92 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation | |
| 2012 | Wreck-It Ralph | United States | 2D video game animation / 2D ending credits / Walt Disney Animation Studios 2D sprite. | 93 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2013 | Movie 43 | United States | Beezel cartoon cat | 94 | Relativity Media / Virgin Produced | |
| 2013 | The Croods | United States | Opening sequence and ending credits | 98 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2013 | Turbo | United States | News sequence | 96 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2013 | Monsters University | United States | Opening credits | 104 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2013 | The Smurfs 2 | United States | Scrolling ending credits | 105 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / The Kerner Entertainment Company | |
| 2013 | Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 | United States | End Credits and digital shorts | 95 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation | |
| 2013 | El Secreto del Medallón de Jade | Mexico | Young Grandpa Yolotl’s sequences | 79 | Kaxan Animation | |
| 2013 | Free Birds | United States | "Telenovela" sequence | 91 | Relativity Media / Reel FX Creative Studios | |
| 2013 | Frozen | United States | Ending credits | 103 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2014 | The LEGO Movie | United States / Denmark | LEGO character faces | 101 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / Village Roadshow Pictures / Lord Miller / Vertigo Entertainment / Rideback / The LEGO Group | |
| 2014 | Mr. Peabody & Sherman | United States | WABAC screens / End Credits | 92 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2014 | Muppets Most Wanted | United States | Ending credits | 111 | Disney / The Jim Henson Company / Mandeville Films | |
| 2014 | Barbie and the Secret Door | United States | "If I Had Magic" sequence | 81 | Universal Studios Home Entertainment | |
| 2014 | The Boxtrolls | United States / United Kingdom | Ending Credits | 100 | Focus Features / Laika | |
| 2014 | The Book of Life | United States | 2D animated sequences / End Credits | 92 | 20th Century Fox / Reel FX Creative Studios | |
| 2014 | Rio 2 | United States | Ending credits | 101 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2014 | Até que a Sbórnia nos Separe | Brazil | "Kraunus's dream and ending credits" sequence | 83 | Otto Desenhos Animados | |
| 2014 | Big Hero 6 | United States | Ending credits | 102 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2014 | Annie | United States | Animated mermaid | 118 | Columbia Pictures / Village Roadshow Pictures / Overbrook Entertainment | |
| 2015 | The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water | United States | "Rap Battle and End Credits" sequence | 93 | Paramount Pictures / Paramount Animation / Nickelodeon Movies / United Plankton Pictures | |
| 2015 | Home | United States | Oh's party commercial | 94 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2015 | Guardians of Oz | México / India | Ending credits | 85 | Ánima Estudios / Discreet Arts Productions | |
| 2015 | La Increible Historia del Niño de Piedra | México | Additional animation | 70 | Cadereyta Films / Fotosíntesis Media | |
| 2015 | Seleccion Canina | México | Ending credits | 90 | Animex Producciones / Imagination Films | |
| 2015 | Inside Out | United States | 2D and non-figurative scenes in Abstract Thought | 94 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2015 | Minions | United States / United Kingdom | Opening credits | 91 | Universal Pictures / Illumination Entertainment | |
| 2015 | Pixels | United States / China | Closing Credits | 106 | Columbia Pictures / Happy Madison Productions / 1492 Pictures / China Film Group | |
| 2015 | Un gallo con muchos huevos | Mexico | Don Poncho’s flashback story and Toto’s nightmare sequence | 97 | Huevocartoon | |
| 2015 | Hotel Transylvania 2 | United States | Ending credits | 89 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Media Rights Capital | |
| 2015 | Goosebumps | United States | Ending credits | 103 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Village Roadshow Pictures / Original Film / Scholastic Entertainment | |
| 2015 | Top Cat Begins | México / United States / India | Ending credits | 89 | Anima Estudios / Discreet Art Productions / Warner Bros. | |
| 2015 | Regular Show: The Movie | United States | Opening credits | 68 | Warner Bros. / Cartoon Network Studios / Cartoon Network | |
| 2015 | The Peanuts Movie | United States | 2D special effects, Animated Dance sequence | 88 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2016 | El Americano: The Movie | México / United States | 2D americano series sequence, Ending credits | 87 | Animex Producciones / Olmos Productions / Phil Roman Entertainment | |
| 2016 | Kung Fu Panda 3 | United States / China | Opening sequence / 2D animated sequences / Ending credits | 95 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation / Oriental DreamWorks / China Film Group Corporation / Zhong Ming You Ying Film | |
| 2016 | Deadpool | United States | End Credits | 108 | 20th Century Fox / Marvel Entertainment / Kinberg Genre / The Donners' Company / TSG Entertainment | |
| 2016 | The Angry Birds Movie | United States / Finland | Mighty Eagle sequence | 97 | Columbia Pictures / Rovio Animation | |
| 2016 | Alice Through the Looking Glass | United States / United Kingdom | Ending credits | 108 | Disney / Roth Films | |
| 2016 | Rock Dog | United States / China | Opening sequences and ending credits | 80 | Summit Entertainment / Mandoo Pictures / Huayi Brothers / Eracme Entertainment / Dream Factory Group | |
| 2016 | A Hologram for the King | United States | Opening sequence (also with Adobe Photoshop and TVPaint) | 97 | Neuer Österreichischer Trickfilm (animation) | |
| 2016 | Ghostbusters | United States | Rowan's Animated Ghostbusters Icon form | 134 | Columbia Pictures / Village Roadshow Pictures / Ghost Corps | |
| 2016 | Ice Age: Collision Course | United States | Ending credits | 94 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2016 | Sausage Party | United States / Canada | Firewater's Story | 88 | Columbia Pictures / Annapurna Pictures / Point Grey Pictures / Nitrogen Studios Canada | |
| 2016 | Kubo and the Two Strings | United States | Ending credits | 101 | Focus Features / Laika | |
| 2016 | Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life | United States | Opening Credits, Animated Characters, Animated Cutscenes, and End Credits | 92 | Lionsgate / CBS Films / James Patterson Entertainment / Participant Media | |
| 2016 | Trolls | United States | Scrapbook sequences | 91 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2017 | The LEGO Batman Movie | United States / Denmark | LEGO character faces / Barbara's event screen | 101 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / DC Entertainment / Access Entertainment / Lord Miller / Vertigo Entertainment / Rideback / The LEGO Group | |
| 2017 | The Boss Baby | United States | Chase scene and ending credits | 98 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2017 | Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie | United States | 2D opening sequence / 2D animated cutscenes / George and Harold's brains sequences / Ending sequences | 89 | 20th Century Fox / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2017 | Despicable Me 3 | United States | Gru's plan / Ending credits | 90 | Universal Pictures / Illumination Entertainment | |
| 2017 | Spider-Man: Homecoming | United States | Ending credits | 133 | Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios / Arad Productions / Pascal Pictures | |
| 2017 | Monster Island | Mexico / India | Opening credits | 80 | Ánima Estudios / Discreet Art Productions | |
| 2017 | The LEGO Ninjago Movie | United States / Denmark | Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Animation Group and Ratpac-Dune Entertainment 2D animation creations / LEGO character faces / Ending credits | 101 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / Access Entertainment / Lord Miller / Vertigo Entertainment / Rideback / The LEGO Group | |
| 2017 | Coco | United States / Mexico | Opening sequence and End credits | 105 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2017 | Ferdinand | United States | Valiente's sequence | 107 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2018 | Peter Rabbit | United States / United Kingdom | Peter's flashback sequence / Peter's parents animated painting / 2D ending credits | 95 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Olive Bridge Entertainment / 2.0 Entertainment | |
| 2018 | Sherlock Gnomes | United Kingdom / United States | The plan scene / 2D animated screens / Ending credits | 86 | Paramount Animation / Metro Goldwyn Mayer / Rocket Pictures | |
| 2018 | Isle of Dogs | United States | 2D animated screens | 105 | Fox Searchlight Pictures / Indian Paintbrush | |
| 2018 | A Wizard's Tale | México / United States / United Kingdom | Opening sequence / Ending credits | 97 | Ánima Estudios / GFM Animation / Prime Focus World | |
| 2018 | Incredibles 2 | United States | Opening Disney logo / 2D animated screens / Ending credits | 118 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2018 | Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation | United States | Ending credits | 97 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation | |
| 2018 | The House with a Clock in Its Walls | United States | Opening credits / Ending credits | 105 | Universal Pictures / Amblin Entertainment / Reliance Entertainment | |
| 2018 | Smallfoot | United States | Animated stones / Stonekeeper's "Let It Lie" sequence / Percy's phone game / Ending credits | 96 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / Zaftig Films | |
| 2018 | Marcianos vs. Mexicanos | Mexico | Additional animation | 87 | Huevocartoon Producciones / Videocine Distribución | |
| 2018 | The Nutcracker and the Four Realms | United States | Scrolling ending credits | 100 | Disney | |
| 2018 | Ralph Breaks the Internet | United States | 2D video game animation / "Let's Bee Friends" video | 112 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2018 | Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse | United States | Additional animation / Opening credits / Miles and Peter B's plan / Peni Parker's animation / Spider-Ham's title sequence (2-secs) / Spider-Ham's animation / Ending credits / Spider-Man 2099 in Earth '67 | 117 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Marvel Entertainment / Pascal Pictures | |
| 2019 | The Kid Who Would Be King | United States / United Kingdom | Opening sequence | 120 | 20th Century Fox / TSG Entertainment / Working Title Films | |
| 2019 | The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part | United States / Denmark | LEGO character faces / "Intermission" sequence | 107 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / Rideback / Lord Miller Productions / Vertigo Entertainment / The LEGO Group | |
| 2019 | How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World | United States | Scrolling ending credits | 104 | Universal Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2019 | Guava Island | United States | Title sequence (also with After Effects) | 55 | Six Point Harness (animation) | |
| 2019 | Shazam! | United States | Ending credits | 132 | Warner Bros. Pictures / New Line Cinema / DC Entertainment | |
| 2019 | Pokémon: Detective Pikachu | United States / Japan | Ending credits | 104 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Legendary Pictures / The Pokémon Company / Toho Co Ltd. | |
| 2019 | Aladdin | United States / India | Genie's map sequence | 128 | Disney / Rideback | |
| 2019 | The Secret Life of Pets 2 | United States | Captain Snowball's sequence | 86 | Universal Pictures / Illumination Entertainment | |
| 2019 | Spider-Man: Far from Home | United States | Ending credits | 129 | Columbia Pictures / Marvel Comics / Arad Productions / Pascal Pictures | |
| 2019 | Dora and the Lost City of Gold | United States | Hallucination scene | 102 | Paramount Pictures / Paramount Players / Nickelodeon Movies / Walden Media / Media Rights Capital / Burr! Productions | |
| 2019 | The Angry Birds Movie 2 | United States / Finland | Ending credits | 97 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Rovio Animation | |
| 2019 | Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus | United States | Some shots | 71 | Nickelodeon Animation Studio | |
| 2019 | The Addams Family | United States / Canada | Ending credits | 86 | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer / United Artists Releasing / Universal Pictures (International) / Bron Studios / Nitrogen Studios | |
| 2019 | Salma's Big Wish | Mexico | Ending credits | 94 | Metacube Technology & Entertainment / Symbiosys Tecnologies | |
| 2019 | Playing with Fire | United States / Canada | Scrolling ending credits | 96 | Paramount Pictures / Paramount Players / Nickelodeon Movies / Walden Media | |
| 2019 | Frozen II | United States | Ending credits | 103 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2019 | Spies in Disguise | United States | Opening sequence and ending credits | 102 | 20th Century Fox / Blue Sky Studios | |
| 2019 | Steven Universe: The Movie | United States | Opening credits | 82 | Cartoon Network / Warner Bros. Television Distribution / Warner Bros. Home Entertainment / Cartoon Network Studios | |
| 2020 | We Bare Bears: The Movie | United States | Opening credits | 69 | Cartoon Network / Cartoon Network Studios / Warner Bros. Television Distribution / Warner Bros. Home Entertainment | |
| 2020 | Birds of Prey (And the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn) | United States | Opening sequence | 109 | Warner Bros. Pictures / DC Entertainment | |
| 2020 | Sonic the Hedgehog | United States / Japan | Ending credits | 100 | Paramount Pictures / SEGA / Original Film / Marza Animation Planet / Blur Studio | |
| 2020 | Farmageddon: A Shaun the Sheep Movie | United Kingdom / United States | Ending credits | 86 | StudioCanal / Creative Europe Media / Aardman Animations / Netflix | |
| 2020 | Trolls: World Tour | United States | Scrapbook sequences / "It's All Love" sequence / "Tiny Diamond Goes Back to School" digital short | 90 | Universal Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2020 | Cranston Academy: Monster Zone | México / Canada / United Kingdom | Ending credits | 85 | Ánima Estudios / ReDefine | |
| 2020 | Scoob! | United States | Ending credits | 94 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / Hanna-Barbera Productions / 1492 Pictures / Atlas Entertainment | |
| 2020 | The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run | United States / Canada | 2D effects / Ending credits | 91 | Paramount Animation / Nickelodeon Movies / United Plankton Pictures / MRC | |
| 2020 | The Croods: A New Age | United States | Opening sequence / Eep and Guy's separation sequence | 95 | Universal Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2020 | Soul | United States | Terry and Jerries's animation | 100 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2021 | Raya and the Last Dragon | United States | Opening sequence / Ending credits | 107 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2021 | Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway | United States / United Kingdom | Peter's animated paintings / Ending credits | 93 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / MRC / Animal Logic / Olive Bridge Entertainment / 2.0 Entertainment | |
| 2021 | The Boss Baby: Family Business | United States | Ending credits | 107 | Universal Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2021 | Space Jam: A New Legacy | United States | "Tune World" sequence / Rick and Morty's animation | 115 | Warner Bros. Pictures / Warner Animation Group / SpringHill Entertainment | |
| 2021 | Vivo | United States | "Mambo Cabana" sequence / Ending credits | 95 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Sony Pictures Releasing / Netflix | |
| 2021 | My Little Pony: A New Generation | United States | Mane 6 opening sequence and storyboard by using traditional animation | 90 | Boulder Media / EOne Entertainment / Netflix | |
| 2021 | The Addams Family 2 | United States / Canada | Ending sequence | 93 | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer / United Artists Releasing / Universal Pictures (International) / Bron Studios / Nitrogen Studios | |
| 2021 | Ron's Gone Wrong | United States / United Kingdom | Bubble-bots' faces and textures / Ending credits | 106 | 20th Century Studios / TSG Entertainment / Locksmith Animation | |
| 2021 | Clifford the Big Red Dog | United States / Canada | Opening sequence / Ending sequence / Ending credits | 96 | Paramount Pictures / Scholastic Entertainment / The Kerner Entertainment Company / New Republic Pictures / Entertainment One | |
| 2021 | Encanto | United States | Ending credits | 102 | Disney / Walt Disney Animation Studios | |
| 2022 | Hotel Transylvania: Transformania | United States | Ending credits | 98 | Columbia Pictures / Sony Pictures Animation / Sony Pictures Releasing / MRC / Amazon Studios | |
| 2022 | Turning Red | United States | Ending credits | 100 | Disney / Pixar | |
| 2022 | Eagle and Jaguar: The Legendary Warriors | Mexico | Tzilcao's story sequence / Additional animation | 105 | Kooltoon Entertainment | |
| 2023 | Home Is Somewhere Else | United States / Mexico | Additional animation | 87 | Brinca Taller de Animación / Shine Global / Llamarada Estudio / Casiopea Animación / Virus Mecánico | |
| 2023 | The Super Mario Bros. Movie | United States | Opening Nintendo logo | 92 | Universal Pictures / Illumination / Nintendo | |
| 2023 | Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken | United States | Ending credits | 91 | Universal Pictures / DreamWorks Animation | |
| 2023 | Under the Boardwalk | United States | Ending Credits | 83 | Paramount Animation / Big Kid Pictures |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Shukla, Ajay (May 21, 2020). "How Science SARU Animation Studio is Redefining the Japanese Animation Industry". Adobe Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2020.