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Paleobiota of the Solnhofen Formation

Summary

The Solnhofen Plattenkalk, a collective term of multiple Late Jurassic lithographic limestones in southeastern Germany, is famous for its well preserved fossil flora and fauna dating to the late Jurassic.

Solnhofen Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian[1][2]
A brittle star fossil from the Solnhofen Formation.
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesUsseltal Formation
OverliesTorleite Formation
Lithology
PrimaryLithographic limestone[1]
Location
RegionBavaria
Country Germany
Type section
Named forSolnhofen

Chondrichthyes edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Asteracanthus [3]

A. ornatissimus

Paracestracion P. falcifer

Palaeocarcharias

P. stromeri Known from several other localities including the Canjuers Lagerstätte and White Limestone Formation.
 
Palaeocarcharias stromeri

Chondrostei edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Coccolepis[4]

C. bucklandi[4]

Pycnodontiformes edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Eomesodon[5]

E. gibbosus[5]

 
Gyrodus circularis
 
Gyrodus hexagonus
 
Mesturus verrucosus

Gyrodus[5]

G. circularis[5]

G. hexagonus[5]

Mesturus[5]

M. verrucosus[5]

Macromesodon[5]

M. heckeli[5]

M. macropterus[5]

Piranhamesodon[6] P. pinnatomus[6]

Proscinetes[5]

P. elegans[5]

P. formosus[5]

Ginglymodi edit

Lepidotidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images
Scheenstia[7]

S. maximus[7]

 
Scheenstia maximus

Callipurbeckidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images
Callipurbeckia C. notopterus[7]
 

Macrosemiidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Histionotus[8]

H. oberndorferi[8]

 
Propterus

Macrosemius[8]

M. rostratus[8]

Notagogus[8]

N. decoratus[8]

N. denticulatus

Propterus[8]

P. elongatus[8]

P. microstomus[8]

Eusemius[8]

E. beatae[8]

Dapediiformes edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Heterostrophus[9]

H. latus[9]

 

Halecomorphi edit

Caturidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Amblysemius[10]

A. bellicianus[10]

 
Caturus furcatus

A. pachyurus[10]

Caturus[10]

C. furcatus[10]

C. giganteus[10]

Liodesmus[10]

L. gracilis[10]

L. sprattiformis[10]

Ionoscopidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Ionoscopus[11]

I. cyprinoides[11]

I. esocinus[11]

I. münsteri[11]

I. striatissimus[11]

Furidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Furo[12]

F. angustus[12]

F. latimanus[12]

F. longiserratus[12]

F. microlepidotes[12]

Other halecomorphs edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Amiopsis[13]

A. lepidota[13]

Amiid.[13]

 
Ophiopsis

Ophiopsis

O. muensteri

Ophiopsiella[13]

O. attenuta[13]

O. procera[13]

Solnhofenamia[13]

S. elongata[13]

Amiid.[13]

Halecomorphi incertae sedis edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Brachyichthys[14]

B. radiato-punctatus[14]

B typicus[14]

Callopterus[14]

C. agassizzi[14]

Lophiurus[14]

L. minutus[14]

Teleostei edit

Pleuropholidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Pleuropholis[15]

P. laevissima[15]

P. pompecki[15]

P. wagneri[15]

Pachycormidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Asthenocormus[16]

A. titanius[16]

 
Hypsocormus

Hypsocormus[16]

H. insignis[16]

H. macrodon[16]

Orthocormus[16]

O. cornutus[16]

Pseudoasthenocormus[17]

P. retrodorsalis[17]

Sauropsis[16]

S. depressus[16]

S. longimanus[16]

Aspidorhynchidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Aspidorhynchus[18]

A. acutirostris[18]

 
Aspidorhynchus

Belonostomus[18]

B. münsteri[18]

B. tenuirostris[18]

Pholidophoridae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Ankylophorus[19]

Indeterminate.[19]

 
Pholidophorus

Eurycormus[19]

E. speciosus[19]

Pholidophoristion[19]

P. micronyx[19]

P. ovatus[19]

Pholidophorus[19]

P. armatus[19]

P. diagonalis[19]

P. falcifer[19]

P. macrocephalus[19]

P. microps[19]

P. sculptus[19]

Allothrissopidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Allothrissops[20]

A. mesogaster[20]

 
Pachythrissops
 
Thrissops

A. salmoneus[20]

Pachythrissops[20]

P. propterus[20]

Thrissops[20]

T. formosus[20]

T. subovatus[20]

Orthogonikleithridae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Leptolepides[21]

L. haerteisi[21]

L. sprattiformis[21]

Orthogonikleithrus[21]

O. hoelli[21]

O. leichi[21]

Anaethalionidae edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Anaethalion[22]

A. angustissimus[22]

A. angustus[22]

A. knorri[22]

A. subovatus[22]

Others edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Ascalabos[23]

A. voithii[23]

 
Living Elops individual.

Daitingichthys[23]

D. tischlingeri[23]

Eichstättia[23]

E. mayri[23]

Elops[23]

cf. E. sp. 1[23]

cf. E. sp. 2[23]

cf. E. sp. 3[23]

Tharsis[23]

T. dubius[23]

Tischlingerichtys[23]

T. viohli[23]

Reptiles edit

Lizards edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Ardeosaurus

A. brevipes

Eichstätt

Small Lepidosaur thought to be close to the base of Geckota[24]
 
Ardeosaurus brevipes

A. digitalellus

Solnhofen, Eichstätt

Bavarisaurus

B. macrodactylus

Kelheim

Eichstaettisaurus

E. schroederi

Eichstätt

Schoenesmahl[24] S. dyspepsia Kelheim Bavariasaurid lizard that was found in the stomach of the Compsognathus Holotype[24]

Rhynchocephalians edit

Name Species Locality Formation Notes Images

Homoeosaurus

H. maximillioni

Eichstätt, Painten, Schamhaupten, Kelheim

Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
Sapheosaurus S. laticeps Eichstätt, Painten Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation Large sapheosaurid reaching 70 cm in length, it may be semi-aquatic
Kallimodon K. pulchellus Eichstätt Altmühltal Formation Sapheosauridae
Oenosaurus O. muehlheimensis Mühlheim Mörnsheim Formation Rhynchocephalian with dentition unique among Tetrapoda[25]
Vadasaurus V. herzogi Painten? Painten Formation Rhynchocephalian close to the base of Pleurosauridae[26]

Pleurosaurus

P. goldfussi

Eichstätt, Langenaltheim, Painten, Mörnsheim

Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation, Mörnsheim Formation

Acrosaurus fischmanni is a synonym.[27]

Ichthyosaurs edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Aegirosaurus

A. leptospondylus

Eichstätt, Solnhofen[28]

 
A. leptospondylus tail

"Ichthyosaurus"

"I." posthumus

Eichstätt, Kelheim, Solnhofen

Nomen dubium. Known only from isolated teeth.

Turtles edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Eurysternum

E. wagleri

Solnhofen, Kelheim[29]

 
Platychelys oberndorferi

Cyrtura

C. temnospondyla

Solnhofen

Idiochelys

I. fitzingeri

Eichstätt

Palaeomedusa

P. testa

Kelheim, Eichstätt, Solnhofen

Eurysternum crassipes and Thalassemys marina are synonyms.

Platychelys

P. oberndorferi

Kelheim

Platychelyid sea turtle

Solnhofia

S. parsonsi

Eichstätt

Crocodylomorphs edit

Name Species Presence Specimens Notes Images

Alligatorellus

A. beaumonti

Kelheim

  • Partial skeleton[30]

An atoposaurid

 
Alligatorellus beaumonti

Cricosaurus

C. elegans

Eichstätt, Solnhofen

  • Skull and vertebrae (NHM 43005)[31]
  • Partial skull (NHM 37006[31])

A metriorhynchid

Dakosaurus

D. maximus

Schernfeld

  • Isolated teeth (JME-SOS4577, JME-SOS2535[31])[32]

A metriorhynchid

Geosaurus

G. giganteus

Solnhofen

  • Skull and mandible (NHM 37020)[33]
  • Isolated tooth (NHM 37016)[33]

A metriorhynchid

Rhacheosaurus

R. gracilis

Eichstätt, Zankt

A metriorhynchid

Dinosaurs edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Archaeopteryx[34]

A. siemensii[35]

Langenaltheim, Workerszell

Wellnhoferia and Jurapteryx are synonyms.

 
Archaeopteryx siemensii
 
Compsognathus longipes

A. lithographica[34]

Langenaltheim, Eichstätt

Compsognathus[34]

C. longipes[34]

Kelheim (Goldberg)

Pterosaurs edit

Name Species Presence Notes Images

Aerodactylus

A. scolopaciceps

Formerly classified as a species of Pterodactylus, closely related to Ardeadactylus, Aurorazhdarcho, and Cycnorhamphus.[36]

 
Ctenochasma elegans
 
Cycnorhamphus suevicus
 
Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
 
Scaphognathus crassirostris

Anurognathus

A. ammoni

Ardeadactylus

A. longicollum

Formerly considered a species of Pterodactylus, it is more closely related to Gnathosaurus and Germanodactylus.[37]

Aurorazhdarcho

A. micronyx

Ctenochasma

C. elegans

Originally classified as Pterodactylus elegans

Cycnorhamphus

C. suevicus

Originally classified as Pterodactylus suevicus

Germanodactylus

G. cristatus

Originally classified as Pterodactylus cristatus

G. rhamphastinus

Gnathosaurus

G. subulatus

Pterodactylus

P. antiquus

  • Only one species is currently supported as valid, the rest represent growth stages, often of other species, synonyms, or nomina dubia.[38]

Rhamphorhynchus

R. muensteri

  • Only one species is currently supported as valid, the rest represent growth stages, often of other species, synonyms, or nomina dubia.[39]

Scaphognathus[40]

S. crassirostris[40]

  1. Only two specimens have been recovered from the formation.[40] The first was found in Eichstätt, the second in Mülheim.[40]
  • A Solnhofen genus erected in 1861 by J. A. Wagner when he recognized the rhamphorhynchoid nature of "Pterodactylus" crassirostris after the discovery of a specimen with a preserved tail.[40] The Solnhofen Limestone is the only known source of Scaphognathus fossils.[40]
  1. S. crassirostris was originally named P. crassirostris in 1831 by August Goldfuss who mistook the tailless specimen for a new Pterodactylus species.[40]

Invertebrate paleofauna edit

Crinoids edit

Crinoids of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
  1. S. [41]

Saccocoma remains are the most common macroscopic fossils in the Solnhofen limestone.[41]

 
Saccocoma tenella

Cephalopods edit

Cephalopods of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
 
Belemnotheutis
Plesioteuthis
Physodoceras[43] An ammonite
Fontannesiella[43] An ammonite

Crustacea edit

Crustaceans of the Solnhofen Formation
Name Species Presence Notes Images
Cancrinos[44] C. claviger[44] Solnhofen[44] A cancrinid
Cycleryon C. elongatus[44] Solnhofen[44] An eryonid
C. orbiculatus[44] An eryonid
C. propinquus[44] An eryonid
Eryma E. modestiforme[44] An erymid
E. veltheimii[44] An erymid
Eryon E. cuvieri[44][45] An eryonid
Etallonia[44] E. longimana[44] Solnhofen[44] An axiid
Gigantosculda G. ehrlichfeckei[46] Eichstätt[46] A mantis shrimp
Glyphea G. pseudoscyllarus[44] A glypheid
G. tenuis[44] Eichstätt[44] A glypheid
Knebelia[44] K. bilobata[44] Solnhofen[44] An eryonid
Magila M. desmarestii[44] Solnhofen[44] An axiid
M. latimana[44] Eichstätt[44] An axiid
Mecochirus M. dubius[44] A mecochirid
M. longimanatus[44] A mecochirid
Orhomalus O. deformis[44] Solnhofen[44] A pagurid
Palaeastacus[44] P. fuciformis[44] An erymid
Palaeopentacheles[44] P. roettenbacheri[44] A polychelid
Palinurina P. longipes[44] A spiny lobster
P. tenera[44] Eichstätt[44] A spiny lobster
Pustulina[44] P. minuta[44] An erymid
Pseudastacus[44] P. pustulosus[44] A stenochirid
Rosenfeldia[44] R. oppeli[44] Eichstätt[44] An eryonid
Sculda S. pennata[47] A mantis shrimp
S. spinosa[47] A mantis shrimp
Spinosculda[48] S. ehrlichi[46][48] A mantis shrimp
Stenochirus S. angustus[44] Flonheim[44] A stenochirid
S. mayeri[44] Solnhofen[44] A stenochirid
Squamosoglyphea S. squamosa[44] Kelheim[44] A glypheid

Tyrannosculda[49]

T. laurae[49] Eichstätt[49] A mantis shrimp

Xiphosura edit

Horseshoe crabs of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
 
Mesolimulus

Thylacocephalans edit

Thylacocephalans of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
Clausocaris C. lithographica
Dollocaris D. michelorum
Mayrocaris M. bucculata
Falcatacaris F. bastelbergeri

Insects edit

Dragonflies of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa Presence Notes Images
  • Mesurupetala
 
Mesurupetala - Houston Museum of Natural Science

References edit

  1. ^ a b Rauhut, O. W., Heyng, A. M., López-Arbarello, A., & Hecker, A. (2012). A new rhynchocephalian from the Late Jurassic of Germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e46839.
  2. ^ Schweigert, G. 2007. Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 245(1): 117-125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117
  3. ^ Stumpf, Sebastian; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kindlimann, René; Lacombat, Frederic; Pohl, Burkhard; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1479–1505. doi:10.1002/spp2.1350. S2CID 234204226.
  4. ^ a b "Table 1; Chondrostei; Coccolepidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pycnodontiformes" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  6. ^ a b Kölbl-Ebert; Ebert; Bellwood; Schulbert, Martina; Martin; David R.; Christian (October 18, 2018). "A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3516–3521.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.013. PMID 30344113. S2CID 53045425.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c "Table 1; Halecostomi; Semionotidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Table 1; Halecostomi; Macrosemiidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  9. ^ a b "Table 1; Halecostomi; 'Halecostomi inc. sed.'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
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  11. ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Ionoscopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Furidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
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  14. ^ a b c d e f g "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Halecomorphi incertae cedis" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  15. ^ a b c d "Table 1; Teleostei; Pleuropholidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  17. ^ a b Note: Lambers abbreviated Pseudoasthenocormus as "Pseudoasth.," "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Teleostei; Aspidorhynchidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Table 1; Teleostei; Pholidophoridae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h "Table 1; Teleostei; Allothrissopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "Table 1; Teleostei; Orthogonikleithridae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Teleostei; Anaethalionidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Table 1; Teleostei; 'Elopidae,' 'Ostariophysi,' 'Clupeocephala inc. sed.,' 'Elopocephala inc. sed.,' and 'Teleostei inc. sed'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
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General edit

  • Lambers, P. H. (1999). The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian 'Plattenkalke' near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:215-229.

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