^Ronald Hilton (1951). Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0757-2. OCLC 27702105. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Miguel Viciedo Valdés (2005), "Breve reseña sobre la biblioteca pública en Cuba antes de 1959", Acimed (in Spanish), vol. 14, no. 1, Havana: Centro Nacional de Informacion de Ciencias Medicas, ISSN 1024-9435
^Rebecca M. Bodenheimer (2015). Geographies of Cubanidad: Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba. USA: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62674-684-8.
^ abLeslie Bethell, ed. (1990). Latin America Since 1930: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24518-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002. Europa Publications. 2001. ISBN 978-1-85743-121-6.
Cederlöf, Gustav (2019). "The Revolutionary City: Socialist Urbanisation and Nuclear Modernity in Cienfuegos, Cuba" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 52: 53–76. doi:10.1017/S0022216X19000920.
Orlando F. García Martínez (2012), "Cienfuegos", in Alan West-Durán (ed.), Cuba, Charles Scribner's Sons, ISBN 978-0684316819
in Spanish
Enrique Edo (1861). Memoria histórica de la villa de Cienfuegos y su jurisdicción (in Spanish). Cienfuegos: Imp. de "El Telégrafo" – via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica [es].
"Santa Clara: Cienfuegos". Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administracion de España, sus colonias, Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas, estados hispano-americanos y Portugal [Yearbook of Commerce, Industry, Judiciary and Administration of Spain, its Colonies Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, Spanish American States and Portugal] (in Spanish). Madrid: Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos. 1908.
Orlando F. García Martínez (1976). "Estudio de la economía cienfueguera desde la fundación de la Colonia Fernandina de Jagua hasta mediados del siglo XIX" [Study of Cienfuegos economy since the founding of the colony Fernandina de Jagua until the mid-nineteenth century]. Islas (in Spanish) (55–56). Santa Clara: Universidad Central de Las Villas: 117–170. ISSN 0047-1542.
García Martínez, Orlando (2003). "Cienfuegos". In Louis A. Pérez; Rebecca Jarvis Scott (eds.). The Archives of Cuba: Los Archivos de Cuba (in Spanish). University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 94–104. ISBN 0822941953. (fulltext)
Orlando F. García Martínez (2007). "El alzamiento popular del 5 de septiembre de 1957 en Cienfuegos". Ariel: La revista cultural de Cienfuegos (in Spanish) (10). Dirección Provincial de Cultura de Cienfuegos. ISSN 1560-9375.
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