General elections were held in Malaysia on Saturday, 19 November 2022.[2][3] The prospect of snap elections had been considered high due to the political crisis that had been ongoing since 2020; political instability caused by coalition or party switching among members of Parliament, combined with the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributed to the resignation of two prime ministers and the collapse of each of their respective coalition governments since the 2018 general elections.
The term of the 14th Parliament was due to expire on 16 July 2023, five years after its first meeting on 16 July 2018.[4] However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), Abdullah of Pahang, dissolved parliament at the request of Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob on 10 October 2022. Constitutionally, the elections were required to be held within 60 days of the dissolution, making 9 December the last possible polling day.[5]
Historically, general elections for all state legislative assemblies of Malaysia except Sarawak had been held concurrently as a cost-saving measure. However, the states could dissolve their own legislatures independently from Parliament, and several states (Sabah, Malacca and Johor) had held early elections due to the political instability, disrupting their usual electoral cycle. The governments of these states and Sarawak indicated that they would not be holding state elections concurrently. The governments of several other states, primarily those under a Pakatan Harapan or Perikatan Nasional government, stated that they would prefer to complete a full term.[6][7] By 19 October, all Pakatan-led states, Penang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, as well as Perikatan-led states, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu, already confirmed not to be dissolving their state legislatures.[8][9]
The elections were the first in which 18–20-year-olds were eligible to vote, following a constitutional amendment reducing the voting age from 21 to 18. Additionally, all voters were automatically registered, so the electorate expanded by around six million people or 31%.[10]
Results for 220 out of all 222 contested seats in the Dewan Rakyat were announced by the morning of 20 November 2022, although polling in the constituency of Padang Serai was postponed until 7 December due to the death of the Pakatan Harapan candidate, Karuppaiya Muthusamy, three days before the elections.[11] Voting in Baram was suspended on polling day due to flooding and inclement weather preventing polling workers from reaching the polling stations, and was instead completed on 21 November.[12]
The 2018 federal election resulted in a change in government for the first time in Malaysian history since direct elections were first held in 1955. Pakatan Harapan, then a centre-left coalition between four parties, won 113 seats in the Dewan Rakyat (a two-seat majority) against the right-wing Barisan Nasional coalition, which won 79 seats. Pakatan Harapan entered government at the federal level with support from the Sabah Heritage Party. The concurrent state elections also saw Pakatan Harapan winning a majority for the first time in Johor, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan. Hung parliaments were recorded in Kedah, Perak and Sabah, but changes in party membership of the legislators after the election allowed Pakatan Harapan (or the Sabah Heritage Party in Sabah) to enter government in these states as well.
Significant eventsedit
In July 2019, the Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019, which contained provisions to lower the voting age to 18 and allow for the automatic registration of voters, was enacted by Parliament.[24] The Election Commission announced in June 2020 that preparations for these changes would be ready by July 2021.[25] The 2022 election marked the first in which the 18–20 age group is entitled to vote.[26]
Since losing re-election in 2018, former prime minister Najib Razak was put on trial, convicted and imprisoned in relation to the 1MDB scandal.[27] The scandal severely impacted UMNO in the previous election and has a continuing legacy in Malaysian politics. Trials and investigations remain ongoing.[28][29]
A political crisis began in Malaysia in early 2020, leading to the resignation of two prime ministers and significant shifts in parliament over the subsequent two years.[31] In late February 2020, a majority of the 32 members of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party withdrew from the governing Pakatan Harapan-led coalition, causing it to lose its majority in the Dewan Rakyat, and partnered with Barisan Nasional. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad then resigned, creating a power vacuum in the executive branch.[32] This movement later became known as Sheraton Move. On 1 March, Muhyiddin Yassin was appointed Prime Minister, and a Malaysian United Indigenous Party-led minority government was formed under new coalition Perikatan Nasional, with confidence and supply from Barisan Nasional.[32] Political instability continued after this, exacerbated by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis escalated in mid-2021, leading to Muhyiddin losing parliamentary support over the COVID-19 response and resigning.[31] On 20 August 2021, Ismail Sabri Yaakob was appointed Prime Minister as his replacement.[33]
This political instability led to calls for a snap general election from various lawmakers, and there was speculation that one would be held since 2020.[34][35][36] In June 2022, Ismail Sabri said he would not delay the dissolution of parliament, amid continued pressure from his party UMNO to hold a general election as soon as possible. He said he would consult with his allies in the Barisan Nasional alliance on the date, as well as leaders of his party UMNO.[36] Ismail Sabri announced the dissolution on 10 October 2022.[5]
Electoral systemedit
Elections in Malaysia are conducted at the federal and state levels. Federal elections elect members of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament, while state elections in each of the 13 states elect members of their respective state legislative assembly. As Malaysia follows the Westminster system of government, the head of government (Prime Minister at the federal level and the Chief Ministers, the so-called Menteri Besar, at the state level) is the person who commands the confidence of the majority of members in the respective legislature – this is normally the leader of the party or coalition with the majority of seats in the legislature.
The Dewan Rakyat consists of 222 members, known as Members of Parliament (MPs), that are elected for five-year terms. Each MP is elected from a single-member constituency using the first-past-the-post voting system. If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the government, with its leader becoming the Prime Minister. In the event of a hung parliament, where no single party obtains the majority of seats, the government may still form through a coalition or a confidence and supply agreement with other parties. In practice, coalitions and alliances in Malaysia generally persist between elections, and member parties do not normally contest for the same seats.
In July 2019, the Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019 was enacted that provided for the voting age to be lowered to 18 and for automatic registration of voters.[24] Previously, the voting age was 21[37][38] although the age of majority in the country was 18.[39] Automatic voter registration and the lowered voting age simultaneously came into effect in early 2022, with this election being the first federal election with the expanded electoral franchise.[25] Malaysia does not currently practice compulsory voting. The Election Commission is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Department.
In late 2022, several news outlets and publishing companies began launching apps and websites to announce the upcoming GE15 results and news.[40]
Timelineedit
Dissolution of parliamentedit
The 14th Parliament of Malaysia was dissolved on 10 October 2022, during a special televised address by Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob, following an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Abdullah, a day prior, whereby he provided consent for the dissolution. The election had to be held within 60 days or by 9 December.[41]
While any state may dissolve its legislature independently of Parliament, most of them had historically dissolve at around the same time as Parliament such that federal and state elections are held simultaneously. In accordance with Malaysian law, Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of each state would automatically expire on the fifth anniversary of the first sitting of a term, unless dissolved prior to that date by the relevant heads of state on the advice of their respective heads of government. Elections must be held within sixty days of expiry or dissolution.
Dates of the legislature of each state would expire and their actual dissolution dates
On 17 October 2022, the Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR) updated the roster of 63 parties and coalitions eligible to contest in its own right. Independents are allowed to contest using symbols predefined by the SPR.[60]
Timetableedit
The key dates are listed below
Dates
Events
10 October
Dissolution of parliament
20 October
Election Commission announcement of Election Day and its timeline
Issue of the Writ of Election for P017 Padang Serai
24 November
Nomination day
24 November – 6 December
Campaigning period
3 – 6 December
Early polling day for postal, overseas and advance voters
7 December
Polling day
P220 Baram
21 November
Polling day for remaining 11 polling stations
Last election pendulumedit
(Results and status at 9 May 2018) The 14th general election witnessed 124 governmental seats and 98 non-governmental seats filled the Dewan Rakyat. The government side has 49 safe seats and 11 fairly safe seats, while the other side has 21 safe seats and 4 fairly safe seats.
GOVERNMENT SEATS
Marginal
Parit Buntar
Dr. Mujahid Yusof Rawa
AMANAH
39.22
Temerloh
Anuar Mohd. Tahir
AMANAH
39.31
Lubok Antu
Jugah Muyang @ Tambat
IND
40.09
Lumut
Dr. Mohd. Hatta Md. Ramli
AMANAH
40.93
Pokok Sena
Mahfuz Omar
AMANAH
40.93
Sungai Besar
Muslimin Yahya
BERSATU
42.11
Jerlun
Dr. Mukhriz Mahathir
BERSATU
42.55
Kulim-Bandar Baharu
Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
PKR
42.62
Merbok
Nurin Aina Abdullah
PKR
43.31
Tambun
Ahmad Faizal Azumu
BERSATU
44.46
Kuantan
Fuziah Salleh
PKR
44.57
Kuala Pilah
Eddin Syazlee Shith
BERSATU
44.85
Indera Mahkota
Saifuddin Abdullah
PKR
44.85
Raub
Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji
DAP
44.89
Kapar
Abdullah Sani Abdul Hamid
PKR
44.99
Ranau
Jonathan Yasin
PKR
45.17
Padang Serai
Karuppaiya Muthusamy
PKR
45.27
Tanjong Malim
Chang Lih Kang
PKR
45.44
Putatan
Awang Husaini Sahari
PKR
45.81
Kuala Kedah
Dr. Azman Ismail
PKR
46.26
Tampin
Hasan Bahrom
AMANAH
46.29
Bentong
Wong Tack
DAP
46.67
Kangar
Noor Amin Ahmad
PKR
46.80
Tangga Batu
Dr. Rusnah Aluai
PKR
46.89
Tanjung Piai
Dr. Md. Farid Md. Rafik
BERSATU
47.29
Titiwangsa
Rina Mohd. Harun
BERSATU
47.31
Hulu Selangor
June Leow Hsiad Hui
PKR
47.86
Papar
Ahmad Hassan
WARISAN
48.54
Sri Gading
Dr. Shahruddin Mohd. Salleh
BERSATU
48.58
Sungai Siput
Kesavan Subramaniam
PKR
48.72
Kuala Langat
Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam
PKR
49.08
Sungai Petani
Johari Abdul
PKR
49.21
Kubang Pasu
Ir. Amiruddin Hamzah
BERSATU
49.70
Kuala Selangor
Dr. Dzulkefly Ahmad
AMANAH
49.98
Tawau
Christina Liew Chin Jin
PKR
50.05
Kalabakan
Ma'mun Sulaiman
WARISAN
50.09
Lembah Pantai
Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil
PKR
50.24
Simpang Renggam
Dr. Maszlee Malik
BERSATU
50.69
Alor Gajah
Mohd. Redzuan Md. Yusof
BERSATU
50.73
Alor Setar
Chan Ming Kai
PKR
50.80
Kota Belud
Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis @ Fakharuddy
WARISAN
50.82
Permatang Pauh
Nurul Izzah Anwar
PKR
50.89
Hang Tuah Jaya
Shamsul Iskandar @ Yusre Mohd. Akin
PKR
51.01
Tenom
Noorita Sual
DAP
51.10
Selangau
Baru Bian
PKR
51.11
Balik Pulau
Muhammad Bakthiar Wan Chik
PKR
51.17
Sepang
Mohamed Hanipa Maidin
AMANAH
51.56
Sekijang
Natrah Ismail
PKR
51.69
Labis
Pang Hok Liong
DAP
52.17
Saratok
Ali Biju
PKR
52.18
Ledang
Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh
PKR
53.06
Segamat
Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu
PKR
53.09
Muar
Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman
BERSATU
53.09
Sarikei
Wong Ling Biu
DAP
53.57
Silam
Mohamaddin Ketapi
WARISAN
54.26
Teluk Intan
David Nga Kor Ming
DAP
54.37
Puncak Borneo
Willie Mongin
PKR
54.65
Langkawi
Dr. Mahathir Mohamad
BERSATU
54.90
Pagoh
Muhyiddin Mohd. Yassin
BERSATU
55.21
Julau
Larry Soon @ Larry S'ng Wei Shien
IND
55.28
Hulu Langat
Hasanuddin Mohd. Yunus
AMANAH
55.53
Batu Sapi
Liew Vui Keong
WARISAN
55.78
Batu Pahat
Mohd. Rashid Hasnon
PKR
55.92
Sungai Buloh
Sivarasa K. Rasiah
PKR
55.97
Fairly safe
Setiawangsa
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
PKR
56.65
Mas Gading
Mordi Bimol
DAP
56.71
Nibong Tebal
Mansor Othman
PKR
56.92
Wangsa Maju
Dr. Tan Yee Kew
PKR
57.30
Kampar
Thomas Su Keong Siong
DAP
57.56
Bandar Tun Razak
Kamarudin Jaffar
PKR
58.58
Pasir Gudang
Hassan Abdul Karim
PKR
58.68
Port Dickson
Danyal Balagopal Abdullah
PKR
59.06
Kluang
Wong Shu Qi
DAP
59.20
Sepanggar
Mohd. Azis Jamman
WARISAN
59.47
Sibu
Oscar Ling Chai Yew
DAP
59.58
Safe
Shah Alam
Khalid Abdul Samad
AMANAH
60.00
Seremban
Anthony Loke Siew Fook
DAP
60.45
Batu
Prabakaran M. Parameswaran
PKR
60.70
Selayang
William Leong Jee Keen
PKR
61.38
Taiping
Teh Kok Lim
DAP
61.65
Gopeng
Dr. Lee Boon Chye
PKR
61.75
Miri
Dr. Michael Teo Yu Keng
PKR
61.82
Tebrau
Choong Shiau Yoon
PKR
62.09
Johor Bahru
Akmal Nasrullah Mohd. Nasir
PKR
62.31
Bakri
Yeo Bee Yin
DAP
62.65
Gombak
Mohamed Azmin Ali
PKR
63.10
Stampin
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP
63.70
Pulai
Salahuddin Ayub
AMANAH
63.81
Lanang
Alice Lau Yiong Kieng
DAP
65.16
Kulai
Teo Nie Ching
DAP
65.42
Bangi
Dr. Ong Kian Ming
DAP
65.60
Sandakan
Stephen Wong Tien Fatt
DAP
67.97
Beruas
James Ngeh Koo Ham
DAP
68.41
Petaling Jaya
Maria Chin Abdullah
PKR
68.52
Bayan Baru
Sim Tze Tzin
PKR
68.88
Iskandar Puteri
Lim Kit Siang
DAP
69.24
Kota Raja
Mohamad Sabu
AMANAH
70.79
Ampang
Zuraida Kamaruddin
PKR
70.94
Puchong
Gobind Singh Deo
DAP
72.39
Rasah
Cha Kee Chin
DAP
72.45
Kota Melaka
Khoo Poay Tiong
DAP
72.68
Kota Kinabalu
Chan Foong Hin
DAP
74.76
Penampang
Ignatius Dorell @ Darell Leiking
WARISAN
75.32
Pandan
Dr. Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
PKR
75.47
Klang
Charles Anthony R. Santiago
DAP
77.34
Batu Kawan
Kasthuriraani P. Patto
DAP
78.02
Bandar Kuching
Dr. Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen
DAP
79.43
Jelutong
Sanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji
DAP
79.63
Semporna
Mohd. Shafie Apdal
WARISAN
80.20
Ipoh Timor
Wong Kah Woh
DAP
80.46
Segambut
Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan
DAP
82.07
Subang
Wong Chen
PKR
83.08
Bukit Bendera
Wong Hon Wai
DAP
83.83
Batu Gajah
Sivakumar M. Varatharaju Naidu
DAP
84.17
Ipoh Barat
Kulasegaran V. Murugeson
DAP
84.90
Bukit Bintang
Fong Kui Lun
DAP
84.94
Bukit Mertajam
Steven Sim Chee Keong
DAP
85.40
Bagan
Lim Guan Eng
DAP
85.96
Bukit Gelugor
Ramkarpal Singh
DAP
86.68
Tanjong
Chow Kon Yeow
DAP
87.25
Damansara
Tony Pua Kiam Wee
DAP
89.00
Cheras
Tan Kok Wai
DAP
89.00
Seputeh
Teresa Kok Suh Sim
DAP
89.97
Kepong
Lim Lip Eng
DAP
92.04
NON-GOVERNMENT SEATS
Marginal
Keningau
Dr. Jeffrey Gapari @ Geoffrey Kitingan
STAR
33.09
Jerai
Sabri Azit
PAS
33.94
Tasek Gelugor
Shabudin Yahaya
UMNO
35.73
Bagan Serai
Dr. Noor Azmi Ghazali
UMNO
36.44
Kota Marudu
Dr. Maximus Johnity Ongkili
PBS
38.44
Sabak Bernam
Mohamad Fasiah Mohd. Fakeh
UMNO
38.57
Bukit Gantang
Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal
UMNO
39.48
Kuala Kangsar
Mastura Mohd. Yazid
UMNO
40.26
Padang Besar
Zahidi Zainul Abidin
UMNO
41.18
Padang Rengas
Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz
UMNO
41.50
Beaufort
Azizah Mohd. Dun
UMNO
41.72
Arau
Dr. Shahidan Kassim
UMNO
41.79
Padang Terap
Mahdzir Khalid
UMNO
42.09
Kota Bharu
Takiyuddin Hassan
PAS
42.24
Cameron Highlands
Sivarajjh Chandran
MIC
42.30
Baling
Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim
UMNO
42.60
Pendang
Awang Hashim
PAS
42.69
Kepala Batas
Reezal Merican Naina Merican
UMNO
42.94
Jasin
Ahmad Hamzah
UMNO
43.00
Paya Besar
Mohd. Shahar Abdullah
UMNO
43.16
Tanjong Karang
Noh Omar
UMNO
43.45
Bera
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
UMNO
43.89
Ayer Hitam
Dr. Ir. Wee Ka Siong
MCA
43.98
Kemaman
Che Alias Hamid
PAS
44.06
Tapah
Saravanan Murugan
MIC
44.47
Jerantut
Ahmad Nazlan Idris
UMNO
45.06
Larut
Hamzah Zainudin
UMNO
45.90
Pasir Salak
Tajuddin Abd Rahman
UMNO
46.04
Pontian
Ahmad Maslan
UMNO
46.21
Jempol
Mohd. Salim Shariff
UMNO
46.83
Kuala Krau
Dr. Ismail Mohamed Said
UMNO
47.14
Machang
Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub
UMNO
47.39
Pasir Puteh
Dr. Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh
PAS
47.41
Labuan
Rozman Isli
UMNO
47.59
Kimanis
Anifah Aman
UMNO
47.71
Sik
Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman
PAS
47.91
Ketereh
Annuar Musa
UMNO
47.95
Pensiangan
Arthur Joseph Kurup
PBRS
48.35
Besut
Idris Jusoh
UMNO
48.40
Parit
Mohd. Nizar Zakaria
UMNO
48.41
Tanah Merah
Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz
UMNO
48.44
Gerik
Hasbullah Osman
UMNO
48.49
Sipitang
Yamani Hafez Musa
UMNO
48.60
Gua Musang
Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd. Hamzah
UMNO
48.64
Setiu
Shaharizukirnain Abd. Kadir
PAS
48.65
Rembau
Khairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar
UMNO
48.87
Jelebu
Jalaluddin Alias
UMNO
48.93
Bachok
Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz
PAS
48.93
Maran
Dr. Ismail Abdul Muttalib
UMNO
49.09
Parit Sulong
Dr. Noraini Ahmad
UMNO
49.19
Libaran
Zakaria Mohd. Edris @ Tubau
UMNO
49.25
Putrajaya
Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
UMNO
49.47
Hulu Terengganu
Rosol Wahid
UMNO
49.60
Kuala Terengganu
Ahmad Amzad Mohamed @ Hashim
PAS
49.65
Lipis
Abdul Rahman Mohamad
UMNO
49.82
Kudat
Abd Rahim Bakri
UMNO
49.90
Rantau Panjang
Siti Zailah Mohd. Yusoff
PAS
50.82
Bagan Datuk
Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
UMNO
51.37
Tuaran
Wilfred Madius Tangau
UPKO
51.54
Pasir Mas
Ahmad Fadhli Shaari
PAS
52.44
Kuala Krai
Ab. Latiff Ab. Rahman
PAS
52.56
Kuala Nerus
Dr. Mohd. Khairuddin Aman Razali
PAS
52.66
Mersing
Dr. Abd. Latiff Ahmad
UMNO
53.00
Rompin
Hasan Arifin
UMNO
53.54
Lenggong
Dr. Shamsul Anuar Nasarah
UMNO
53.97
Masjid Tanah
Mas Ermieyati Samsudin
UMNO
54.10
Dungun
Wan Hassan Mohd. Ramli
PAS
54.17
Tumpat
Che Abdullah Mat Nawi
PAS
54.33
Tenggara
Dr. Adham Baba
UMNO
54.39
Baram
Anyi Ngau
PDP
54.45
Sibuti
Lukanisman Awang Sauni
PBB
54.60
Pengkalan Chepa
Ahmad Marzuk Shaary
PAS
54.88
Jeli
Mustapa Mohamed
UMNO
55.89
Fairly safe
Kubang Kerian
Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man
PAS
56.16
Bintulu
Tiong King Sing
PDP
57.05
Sembrong
Hishammuddin Hussein
UMNO
59.24
Marang
Abd Hadi Awang
PAS
59.27
Safe
Betong
Robert Lawson Chuat Vincent Entering
PBB
60.41
Sri Aman
Masir Kujat
PSB
61.48
Pekan
Mohd. Najib Abdul Razak
UMNO
62.19
Beluran
Dr. Ronald Kiandee
UMNO
62.84
Serian
Richard Riot Jaem
SUPP
63.99
Kanowit
Aaron Ago Dagang
PRS
64.58
Petra Jaya
Fadillah Yusof
PBB
65.91
Mukah
Hanifah Hajar Taib
PBB
66.90
Kinabatangan
Bung Moktar Radin
UMNO
67.22
Pengerang
Azalina Othman Said
UMNO
67.71
Hulu Rajang
Wilson Ugak Kumbong
PRS
68.20
Kota Tinggi
Halimah Mohamed Sadique
UMNO
69.14
Kota Samarahan
Rubiah Wang
PBB
69.90
Lawas
Henry Sum Agong
PBB
70.44
Batang Lupar
Rohani Abdul Karim
PBB
70.49
Limbang
Hasbi Habibollah
PBB
72.07
Kapit
Alexander Nanta Linggi
PBB
78.91
Santubong
Dr. Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
PBB
79.28
Tanjong Manis
Yusuf Abd. Wahab
PBB
80.69
Batang Sadong
Nancy Shukri
PBB
83.25
Igan
Ahmad Johnie Zawawi
PBB
83.76
Political parties and candidatesedit
The election saw numerous changes in seats from all political sides, with candidates either announced to be departing from their original constituencies to contest in another constituency, or several high-profile members of parliament being dropped from selection. Those who were dropped or not selected however went on to contest as independent candidates or in opposing parties to defend their seats or seek re-election, resulting in their memberships dropped.
UMNO deputy president Mohamad Hasan announced his intention to contest the Rembau seat, replacing incumbent Khairy Jamaluddin, who was expected to be fielded in an opposition-majority seat,[62] which eventually turned out to be Sungai Buloh, one of the seats that has been a PKR stronghold.[63] In addition, several high-profile incumbent UMNO MPs, including Shahidan Kassim, Annuar Musa and Tajuddin Abdul Rahman, were dropped from contesting following rumors after they were believed to be supporting Ismail Sabri instead of Zahid Hamidi.[64][65] Among those dropped, Zahidi Zainul Abidin, the incumbent Padang Besar MP, contested as an independent while Shahidan contested to defend his Arau seat under the Perikatan banner, resulting in both their and several others' memberships dropped.[66] In a similar move, incumbent PAS Tumpat MP Che Abdullah Mat Nawi contested to defend his seat under the BN ticket after he was dropped from the candidates' list, resulting in him expelled from PAS.[67]
A few of the more notable changes in PKR were Anwar's decision to contest in the Tambun parliamentary seat,[68] with Wan Azizah Wan Ismail contesting the Bandar Tun Razak seat, as part of PKR's plan to field high-ranking members in seats previously held by defected party members.[69] One of the most anticipated seats, Gombak, saw Selangor's Menteri Besar Amirudin Shari nominated as PH candidate to face incumbent Azmin Ali,[70] who was one of the key ringleaders of the ongoing political crisis.[71] PKR also announced several other high-profile direct candidates to contest under the PH banner.[72] Former Batu MP Tian Chua, who was not selected to contest in favor of incumbent Prabakaran Parameswaran, sought to seek re-election by contesting as an independent candidate for his seat, leading to his expulsion from the party.[73]
Meanwhile, DAP had dropped two of its incumbent MPs, Charles Santiago and Wong Tack from their respective parliamentary seats,[74] in place of younger candidates,[75][76] leading both to question the party's reasoning behind their droppings,[77] with Wong later announcing his intention to defend his seat as an independent candidate,[78] thus also resulting in his expulsion from the party.[79]
On 16 November, Padang Serai's incumbent MP Karupaiya Mutusami died three days before the election.[80] This marked the third time in Malaysian election history that a nominated candidate died in between nomination and polling dates.[81] The Election Commission announced that polling for Padang Serai would take place on 7 December following a meeting on Friday (18 November),[82] a day before the elections,[83] after polling for the constituency was postponed.[84] Subsequently, PN candidate for the Tioman state seat in Pahang, Yunus Ramli died hours before polling was due to begin on 19 November.[85] The election for the state seat was also postponed to the same date with Padang Serai.[86]
Parties represented in current legislaturesedit
The election would be the first time Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Perikatan Nasional use their own respective logos.
DAP announced their intention to use the PH logo for West Malaysia seats on 14 November 2021,[87] while they would continue to use their own logo in Sarawak as they did in the previous election and also in the recent state election.[88][89] However, DAP stated that they would be joining other PH parties in using the PH logo in Sabah, in contrast to using their own logo in the previous election, the 2019 Sandakan by-election and using then-ally Warisan's logo in the 2020 Sabah state election.[90] In September 2022, Pakatan formally decided to consider applications by MUDA and the Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM) to contest under its name.[91] Pakatan chairman Anwar Ibrahim later stated that the coalition would form an electoral pact with the two parties, citing that the application process would need to go through the Registrar of Societies.[92] However, on 30 October, PSM announced that they ended their pact with PH, after they were denied being allocated seats for the election, in particular Sungai Siput where chairman Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj served two terms but was similarly allocated to PKR in 2018.[93] Therefore, PSM decided to contest alone on 2 November 2022
PN component parties in Pahang (Bersatu, PAS, Gerakan) decided to contest on all parliamentary and state assembly seats there on 28 November 2021.[94] The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), despite being in the PN coalition, announced that they would be contesting using their own logo in Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah along with other PN candidates in these three predominant Malay/Muslim states.[95] The move was met with objection from GERAKAN, as their policy was to not contest under other party's logo.[96] Some of PN component parties are also part of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, who intended to use GRS logo in Sabah.[97] Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat (KDM), a GRS-friendly party initiated by former Warisan Party members, sought to contest at least three seats in Sabah independently.[98]
In August 2022, Pejuang formed a Malay/Muslim-based coalition called as Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) with 4 other parties (Berjasa, Putra, Gagasan Bangsa and IMAN) and planned to contest 120 parliamentary seats.[99] Mahathir, who initially hesitated to contest until he changed his mind to defend his Langkawi seat, announced that GTA would be contesting under the Pejuang logo, while GTA contestants in Kelantan contested using the logo of Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA), as the coalition's registration was still pending.[100]
Barisan Nasional contested all parliamentary seats outside Sarawak,[101] while respecting Sabah state liaison office's intention to cooperate with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah.[102][103] On 11 December 2021, PBRS announced that they would contest 3 seats in Sabah under Barisan Nasional.[104] In April 2022, UMNO's Supreme Council proposed that Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob be its Prime Ministerial candidate for GE15.[105] Zahid Hamidi, chairman of Barisan Nasional, has officially considered to accept Makkal Sakti's request to contest the election under Barisan Nasional logo on 19 September 2021.[106] The offer was extended to other Friends of BN parties by June 2022.[107] Gabungan Parti Sarawak, whose component parties were part of BN in 2018 election, formulated its election program and competed independently. GPS postponed any coalition and government formation talks until after election and claimed to maintain the status quo of seat allocation.[108]
In this election, the Heritage Party (WARISAN), previously an ally of Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 general election, for the first time contested outside Sabah. As part of the move, it intended on 24 January 2021 to contest all parliamentary and assembly seats in Penang and considered to run in other states.[109]
Extra-parliamentary partiesedit
On 15 December 2021, a group of independent activists calling themselves Gerak Independent announced their intention to run in the election in no more than 10 seats.[110]Parti Bumi Kenyalang (PBK) initially intended to contest all 31 parliamentary seats in Sarawak on 26 January 2022, claiming that it already made ties with unspecified Sabah based party and still opened possibility of cooperating with other Sarawak-only parties.[111] By June 2022 PBK made negotiations with Sarawakian local opposition parties such as PSB, Aspirasi, PBDS (Baru) and SEDAR to avoid clashes in the election without formally forming a coalition.[112] The negotiation produced a cooperation pact between PSB, PBK and PBDS, with PBK contesting mostly under PSB's logo.[113][114] In June 2022 SEDAR announced their intention to contest in Malay/Muslim (and Melanau)-majority of Sarawak seats.[115]
Parti Rakyat Malaysia announced their intention to contest parliamentary seats in Penang respectively on 15 October 2022.[116] PRM later stated that it would contest 28 parliament and 1 state seats nationally, in cooperation with GERAK 98 NGO.[117][118]
Parti Cinta Sabah, Penang Front Party and Sarawak People's Aspiration Party initially declared to their intention to participate but ended up not fielding any candidates.[119][120][121]
Nominated candidatesedit
The election saw a record 945 candidates contesting in all 222 parliamentary seats nationwide, among them a record 108 independent candidates.[122]
State
No.
Constituency
Number of voters
Incumbent Member of Parliament
Incumbent Coalition (Party)
Political coalitions and respective candidates and parties
Opposition politicians, political analysts and online commentaries criticised the decision to hold the election at the end of 2022 instead of early 2023, which coincides the annual year-end monsoon season.[124][125][126] As Malaysia was already recovering from serious flooding from the previous year, opposition politicians accused the ruling government for being inconsiderate towards flood victims. This condition was also seen by opposition parties as a deliberate tactic to discourage a high voter turnout that could potentially benefit opposition parties.[127][128][129] In response, UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, who remarked that the election was to proceed despite concerns of nationwide floods,[125] accused opposition parties as "cowards" and "wanting them to buy time" to garner extra support, further adding that his remarks were taken out of context.[130][131] Despite these remarks, authorities began preparations in the event flooding occurs during polling day.[132][133]
The decision to dissolve parliament early was also seen by several other opposition politicians as an attempt to prevent more BN politicians from being charged with corruption, or in an effort towards pardoning jailed politicians such as former prime minister Najib Razak who was found guilty for his role in the 1MDB scandal.[134] This was evidenced by a video online showing Zahid Hamidi speaking at a Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) general meeting in which he warned other BN politicians that they would be the next ones to be charged should BN lose the election.[135][136] Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he dissolved Parliament because it was impossible to go on some issues, and that UMNO was pushing for it ever since BN won big in the 2022 Johor state election in March.[137]
Youth voteedit
The 2022 election was the first Malaysian federal election in which the voting age is over 18 as opposed to over 21 previously. Around 6 million new voters, either young or previously unregistered, were expected to participate in the election.[138] The 18–20 age group represented 1.39 million first-time voters, and voters aged 18–39 account for about 50% of Malaysia's 21 million registered voters.[26]
In the general election, no individual alliance won the required 112 seats needed for a majority in the Dewan Rakyat to form the next government.[201]
On 19 November, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) leader Abang Johari said that his party would work together with Perikatan Nasional (PN), Barisan Nasional (BN) and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) to form the government.[202] PN leader Muhyiddin Yassin also claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as Prime Minister, citing support from PN, BN, GPS and GRS.[203] However, BN leader Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said that BN had not negotiated with GPS or PN on forming a government with BN, while also stating that BN MPs already agreed to let him decide who BN would ally with to form a government.[204]
On 20 November, In a press conference at around 3:00 a.m. Pakatan Harapan (PH) leader Anwar Ibrahim claimed to have secured a simple majority of 111 seats a to form the next government, but refused to mention which other parties were cooperating. This came not long after Perikatan Nasional chairman Muhyiddin Yassin hinted at being able to form a coalition government but rejected working with PH.[205][206]
On 21 November, PH leaders and BN leaders met at the Seri Pacific Hotel.[207] Also on 21 November, the deadline for political parties to prove their majority in Parliament to form a government and nominate a prime minister was extended for 24 hours by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, shifting the deadline to the next day.[208] Meanwhile, Hamzah Zainudin of PN said that PN submitted over 112 statutory declarations from MPs supporting Muhyiddin for Prime Minister.[209]
On 22 November, Ismail Sabri Yaakob of BN stated that BN would not support either PH or PN to form a government and was prepared to sit in opposition.[210] Meanwhile, after discontent from Sarawak over GPS working with PN, GPS stated that it was up to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint the Prime Minister; while Parti Warisan voiced support for a government with PH and BN.[211][212] Also that day, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the nominations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him.[213][214] After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan National, but Muhyiddin rejected it as Perikatan National "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating that "given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".[215][216]
On 23 November, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong met with BN and GPS leaders in the royal palace.[217] Meanwhile, some members of BN and PN met in St Regis Hotel.[218]
On 24 November, Ahmad Maslan of UMNO stated that the party's supreme council has agreed to follow the wishes of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for BN to join a unity government not led by PN.[219] Meanwhile, Perikatan Nasional would consider forming a unity government, stated its secretary-general Hamzah Zainudin; while GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS would abide by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's wishes on forming a new government, including if a unity government was formed.[220][221] Also, DAP secretary-general Anthony Loke publicly apologised on behalf of his party to the Sarawak government and Sarawak people for any offensive statement by a DAP leader, while DAP chairman Lim Guan Eng apologised as well for "my remarks that may have offended the Sarawak Premier and the GPS Sarawak state government", calling for "a fresh start to cooperate together".[222]
Later on 24 November, the royal palace announced that PH chairman Anwar Ibrahim was appointed as Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after the Agong conducted a consultation with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia.[1][20] Anwar was sworn in at 5 pm that day, making him Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister.[21] However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove Anwar's majority; this led to former Prime Minister Najib Razak calling for Muhyiddin himself to prove his 115 MP majority.[223] As of 24 November, Anwar has received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM, as well as independent MPs.[19] Anwar has pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs are sworn into Parliament.[19]
On 25 November, both Anwar and GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS had joined the unity government, supporting Anwar; this resulted in Anwar becoming the first prime minister since Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2008 to have two-thirds majority support in Parliament.[22][224] Meanwhile, Muhyiddin congratulated Anwar and acknowledged him as Prime Minister, thanked Anwar for inviting PN to join the unity government, and declined Anwar's invitation, stating that PN would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance".[23][225]
Anwar Ibrahim received the vote of confidence of the parliament on 19 December.[226]
Some of the head of states of neighbouring ASEAN countries also congratulated Anwar:
Brunei: The Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, sent a congratulatory message to Anwar Ibrahim on 25 November 2022. In the message, he expressed confidence that Anwar's leadership and integrity would allow Malaysia to enjoy "continuous development" for the prosperity of its people, and conveyed his desire to further strengthen the close relations between the two countries.[252]
Indonesia: The President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, personally congratulated Anwar Ibrahim through a telephone call on 24 November 2022. Jokowi expressed his wish to meet Anwar "as soon as possible" while Anwar reiterated that Indonesia has been "Malaysia's true ally", further adding that the two countries should continue to deepen economic and cultural cooperation.[253]
Philippines: The President of the Philippines, Bongbong Marcos extended his well wishes to Anwar Ibrahim through a tweet, describing the latter as his good friend and looking forward to the stability that Anwar's leadership provides for Malaysia as well as for the whole ASEAN region.[254]
Singapore: The Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, sent a congratulatory letter to Anwar Ibrahim on 24 November 2022, shortly after the Istana Negara confirmed Anwar's appointment as the new Prime Minister. In the letter, Lee congratulated his Pakatan Harapan coalition for their "strong performance" in the election, and noted the "longstanding substantive relationship" between the two countries, adding that the two countries could "do much more together to enhance openness, stability and connectivity" in their bilateral relationship.[255] On 25 November, Lee called Anwar to reiterate his congratulations, and invited him to visit Singapore soon; in return, Anwar replied to Lee on Twitter that he would be looking forward to meeting him "at the earliest opportunity".[256]
^ abPolling in 11 stations within the Baram constituency was delayed to 21 November due to flooding, while polling in Padang Serai was also delayed to 7 December due to the death of a candidate.
^MUDA had yet to be admitted as an official component party of Pakatan Harapan. However, Anwar Ibrahim has stated that Pakatan Harapan would be forming an electoral pact with MUDA.
^Excludes BERSATU, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020. The original number of seats and vote share held by Pakatan Harapan as it was in 2018 was 113 seats and 45.68%, respectively.
^New coalition formed in 2020. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS, GERAKAN, STAR and SAPP in the last election. The parties were previously part of Pakatan Harapan, Gagasan Sejahtera and Barisan Nasional.
^Barisan Nasional named Ismail Sabri Yaakob as its Prime Ministerial candidate, however Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was the central leading figure throughout the election.
^Total seats and vote share of the parties currently in Barisan Nasional (UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS). The total seats and vote share of Barisan Nasional as it was in the last election was 79 seats and 33.77%, respectively.
^New coalition formed in 2018. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of PBB, PRS, SUPP, PDP, and PPSS United in the last election. All parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional and Independent politicians.
^New coalition officially formed in 2022. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU Sabah, PBS, STAR, LDP, PHRS, USNO and SAPP in the last election. The parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional, United Sabah Alliance and United Borneo Alliance.
^PBM was in a leadership dispute, with incumbent president Larry Sng claiming he remained party president, while Zuraida Kamaruddin was announced as the new president after a party general assembly in October 2022 without proper procedures, having been announced as president-designate in June 2022.
^BERJASA's result in 2018. The remaining parties are new parties.
^Combined result of PBDS and PBK in 2018. PSB did not contest the last election.
^The lifting of the state of emergency in the Sabah seat of Bugaya (N66) on 12 October 2022 meant that a state by-election was held simultaneously with the federal election.[49]
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External linksedit
Electoral Commission of Malaysia Archived 9 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine