Cephalanthera_austiniae Knowpia

Cephalanthera austiniae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Epidendroideae
Genus:	Cephalanthera
Species:	C. austiniae
Binomial name
	Cephalanthera austiniae; (A.Gray) Heller
Synonyms
	Chloraea austiniae A.Gray; Epipactis austiniae (A.Gray) Wettst.; Limodorum austiniae (A.Gray) Kuntze; Eburophyton austiniae (A.Gray) A.Heller; Serapias austiniae (A.Gray) A.A.Eaton; Cephalanthera oregana Rchb.f.; Chloraea oregana Nutt. ex Benth. & Hook.f.; Epipactis oregana (Rchb.f.) Wettst.; Limodorum oreganum (Rchb.f.) Kuntze;

Cephalanthera austiniae is a species of orchid known as the phantom orchid and snow orchid^[2] because the entire plant is white except for a few yellow markings on the flowers.

The orchid is native to the western United States (California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho), and to British Columbia, Canada. Cephalanthera austiniae is the only species of genus Cephalanthera native to the Western Hemisphere.^[1]^[2]^[3]

This is also the only Cephalanthera species entirely dependent on symbiotic mycorrhizae for its nutrition. This mycoheterotrophic orchid has no chlorophyll, so it makes no energy for itself.

Description edit

Cephalanthera austiniae is a distinctive plant, rising from the dark, moist forest floor on waxy white stems and bearing orchid blossoms which are white or yellowish with yellow centers. Its leaves, if present, are rudimentary since such structures are not needed for collecting sunlight.^[2] Instead, this mycoheterotroph derives both its energy and nutrients from ectomycorrhizal fungi representing a variety of taxa within the Thelephoraceae^[4]

Conservation edit

The plant is becoming more scarce as its habitat—dense, isolated forest—becomes more rare. Climate change models forecast decline and possible extinction of this species by the year 2100^[5]

References edit

^ ^a ^b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". wcsp.science.kew.org.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Cephalanthera austiniae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org.
^ Biota of North America Program
^ Taylor, D. L.; Bruns, T. D. (1997-04-29). "Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (9): 4510–4515. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4510. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 20753. PMID 9114020.
^ Kolanowska, M., Kras, M., Lipińska, M. et al. Global warming not so harmful for all plants - response of holomycotrophic orchid species for the future climate change. Sci Rep 7, 12704 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13088-7