Summary
Dermcidin is a protein with 110 amino acids that in humans is encoded by the DCD gene.[3][4] The full-length protein produces derived peptides as proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) and other anti-microbial peptides,[4] secreted by human eccrine sweat glands onto the skin as a part of the innate host defense of the immune system. PIF is involved in muscular proteolysis.[4]
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| Aliases | DCD, AIDD, DCD-1, DSEP, HCAP, PIF, dermcidin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 606634 HomoloGene: 89039 GeneCards: DCD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Function edit
Dermcidin is a secreted protein that is subsequently processed into mature peptides of distinct biological activities. The C-terminal peptide is constitutively expressed in sweat and has antibacterial and antifungal activities. The N-terminal peptide, also known as diffusible survival evasion peptide, promotes neural cell survival under conditions of severe oxidative stress. A glycosylated form of the N-terminal peptide may be associated with cachexia (muscle wasting) in cancer patients.[4]
Survival evasion peptide Antimicrobial peptide
YDPEAASAPGSGNPCHEASAAQKENAGEDPGLARQAPKPRKQRSSLLEKGLDGAKKAVGGLGKLGKDAVEDLESVGKGAVHDVKDVLDSVL
The C-terminal precursor DCD-1L is a 48 residue peptide that shows partial helicity in solution, as evidenced by the determination of its solution structure by NMR and CD-spectroscopy. The full length precursor is processed by undetermined proteases present in human sweat, to form several shorter peptides that show variable antimicrobial activity, named according to their C-terminal triplet of amino acids and their residue length. One such active peptide is SSL25, which shows a 2-fold increase in activity against E. coli compared to DCD-1L.[5]
DCD-1L SSLLEKGLDGAKKAVGGLGKLGKDAVEDLESVGKGAVHDVKDVLDSVL DCD-1 SSLLEKGLDGAKKAVGGLGKLGKDAVEDLESVGKGAVHDVKDVLDSV SSL25 SSLLEKGLDGAKKAVGGLGKLGKDA
Mechanism edit
The crystal structure of dermcidin has been solved in solution to reveal a hexameric helix-bundle, mediated by Zn ion binding.[6] This is observed to form a tilted channel in membranes under computational examination by molecular dynamics simulations, and one suggested mechanism of antimicrobial action inferred from this observation is by ion gradient decoupling across biological membranes. This is supported by concurrent observations in experimental studies of a voltage dependent depolarization of lipid bilayers.[citation needed]
References edit
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000161634 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Schittek B, Hipfel R, Sauer B, Bauer J, Kalbacher H, Stevanovic S, Schirle M, Schroeder K, Blin N, Meier F, Rassner G, Garbe C (Nov 2001). "Dermicidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands". Nat Immunol. 2 (12): 1133–7. doi:10.1038/ni732. PMID 11694882. S2CID 26126901.
- ^ a b c d "Entrez Gene: DCD dermicidin".
- ^ Baechle D, Flad T, Cansier A, et al. (2006). "Cathepsin D is present in human eccrine sweat and involved in the postsecretory processing of the antimicrobial peptide DCD-1L". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (9): 5406–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M504670200. PMID 16354654.
- ^ PDB: 2YMKSong, Chen, Weichbrodt, Conrad, Salnikov, Evgeniy S, Dynowski, Marek, Forsberg, Björn O, Bechinger, Burkhard, Steinem, Claudia, de Groot, Bert L, Zachariae, Ulrich, Zeth, Kornelius (Feb 2013). "Crystal structure and functional mechanism of a human antimicrobial membrane channel". PNAS. 110 (12): 4586–91. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.4586S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1214739110. PMC 3607029. PMID 23426625.
Further reading edit
- Todorov P, Cariuk P, McDevitt T, et al. (1996). "Characterization of a cancer cachectic factor". Nature. 379 (6567): 739–42. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..739T. doi:10.1038/379739a0. PMID 8602222. S2CID 4331928.
- Todorov PT, Deacon M, Tisdale MJ (1997). "Structural analysis of a tumor-produced sulfated glycoprotein capable of initiating muscle protein degradation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (19): 12279–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.19.12279. PMID 9139670.
- Cunningham TJ, Hodge L, Speicher D, et al. (1998). "Identification of a survival-promoting peptide in medium conditioned by oxidatively stressed cell lines of nervous system origin". J. Neurosci. 18 (18): 7047–60. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-18-07047.1998. PMC 6793258. PMID 9736629.
- Cunningham TJ, Jing H, Wang Y, Hodge L (2000). "Calreticulin binding and other biological activities of survival peptide Y-P30 including effects of systemic treatment of rats". Exp. Neurol. 163 (2): 457–68. doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7390. PMID 10833321. S2CID 22279800.
- Cunningham TJ, Jing H, Akerblom I, et al. (2002). "Identification of the human cDNA for new survival/evasion peptide (DSEP): studies in vitro and in vivo of overexpression by neural cells". Exp. Neurol. 177 (1): 32–9. doi:10.1006/exnr.2002.7979. PMID 12429208. S2CID 11829104.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Porter D, Weremowicz S, Chin K, et al. (2003). "A neural survival factor is a candidate oncogene in breast cancer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (19): 10931–6. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10010931P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1932980100. PMC 196905. PMID 12953101.
- Zhang Z, Henzel WJ (2005). "Signal peptide prediction based on analysis of experimentally verified cleavage sites". Protein Sci. 13 (10): 2819–24. doi:10.1110/ps.04682504. PMC 2286551. PMID 15340161.
- Suzuki Y, Yamashita R, Shirota M, et al. (2004). "Sequence comparison of human and mouse genes reveals a homologous block structure in the promoter regions". Genome Res. 14 (9): 1711–8. doi:10.1101/gr.2435604. PMC 515316. PMID 15342556.
- Monitto CL, Dong SM, Jen J, Sidransky D (2005). "Characterization of a human homologue of proteolysis-inducing factor and its role in cancer cachexia". Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (17): 5862–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0435. PMID 15355918.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Lai YP, Peng YF, Zuo Y, et al. (2005). "Functional and structural characterization of recombinant dermicidin-1L, a human antimicrobial peptide". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 328 (1): 243–50. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.143. PMID 15670776.
- Rieg S, Steffen H, Seeber S, et al. (2005). "Deficiency of dermicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat of patients with atopic dermatitis correlates with an impaired innate defense of human skin in vivo". J. Immunol. 174 (12): 8003–10. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8003. PMID 15944307.
- Watchorn TM, Dowidar N, Dejong CH, et al. (2006). "The cachectic mediator proteolysis inducing factor activates NF-kappaB and STAT3 in human Kupffer cells and monocytes". Int. J. Oncol. 27 (4): 1105–11. doi:10.3892/ijo.27.4.1105. PMID 16142329.
- Lowrie AG, Wigmore SJ, Wright DJ, et al. (2006). "dermicidin expression in hepatic cells improves survival without N-glycosylation, but requires asparagine residues". Br. J. Cancer. 94 (11): 1663–71. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603148. PMC 2361319. PMID 16685272.
- Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, et al. (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.
- Frum R, Busby SA, Ramamoorthy M, et al. (2007). "HDM2-binding partners: interaction with translation elongation factor EF1alpha". J. Proteome Res. 6 (4): 1410–7. doi:10.1021/pr060584p. PMC 4626875. PMID 17373842.
- Lee Motoyama JP, Kim-Motoyama H, Kim P, et al. (2007). "Identification of dermicidin in human gestational tissue and characterization of its proteolytic activity". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 357 (4): 828–33. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.112. PMID 17448443.
External links edit
- dermicidins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)