Algebraic edit

Localization of Dedekind rings edit

Let ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(2)}:=\{z/n\mid z,n\in \mathbb {Z} ,\,\,n{\text{ is odd}}\}}$ . Then, the field of fractions of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(2)}}$  is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$ . For any nonzero element ${\displaystyle r}$  of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$ , we can apply unique factorization to the numerator and denominator of r to write r as 2^k z/n where z, n, and k are integers with z and n odd. In this case, we define ν(r)=k. Then ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(2)}}$  is the discrete valuation ring corresponding to ν. The maximal ideal of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(2)}}$  is the principal ideal generated by 2, i.e. ${\displaystyle 2\mathbb {Z} _{(2)}}$ , and the "unique" irreducible element (up to units) is 2 (this is also known as a uniformizing parameter). Note that ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(2)}}$  is the localization of the Dedekind domain ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$  at the prime ideal generated by 2.

More generally, any localization of a Dedekind domain at a non-zero prime ideal is a discrete valuation ring; in practice, this is frequently how discrete valuation rings arise. In particular, we can define rings

${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(p)}:=\left.\left\{{\frac {z}{n}}\,\right|z,n\in \mathbb {Z} ,p\nmid n\right\}}$ 

for any prime p in complete analogy.

p-adic integers edit

The ring ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}}$  of p-adic integers is a DVR, for any prime ${\displaystyle p}$ . Here ${\displaystyle p}$  is an irreducible element; the valuation assigns to each ${\displaystyle p}$ -adic integer ${\displaystyle x}$  the largest integer ${\displaystyle k}$  such that ${\displaystyle p^{k}}$  divides ${\displaystyle x}$ .

Formal power series edit

Another important example of a DVR is the ring of formal power series ${\displaystyle R=k[[T]]}$  in one variable ${\displaystyle T}$  over some field ${\displaystyle k}$ . The "unique" irreducible element is ${\displaystyle T}$ , the maximal ideal of ${\displaystyle R}$  is the principal ideal generated by ${\displaystyle T}$ , and the valuation ${\displaystyle \nu }$  assigns to each power series the index (i.e. degree) of the first non-zero coefficient.

If we restrict ourselves to real or complex coefficients, we can consider the ring of power series in one variable that converge in a neighborhood of 0 (with the neighborhood depending on the power series). This is a discrete valuation ring. This is useful for building intuition with the Valuative criterion of properness.

Ring in function field edit

For an example more geometrical in nature, take the ring R = {f/g : f, g polynomials in R[X] and g(0) ≠ 0}, considered as a subring of the field of rational functions R(X) in the variable X. R can be identified with the ring of all real-valued rational functions defined (i.e. finite) in a neighborhood of 0 on the real axis (with the neighborhood depending on the function). It is a discrete valuation ring; the "unique" irreducible element is X and the valuation assigns to each function f the order (possibly 0) of the zero of f at 0. This example provides the template for studying general algebraic curves near non-singular points, the algebraic curve in this case being the real line.

Scheme-theoretic edit

Henselian trait edit

For a DVR ${\displaystyle R}$  it is common to write the fraction field as ${\displaystyle K={\text{Frac}}(R)}$  and ${\displaystyle \kappa =R/{\mathfrak {m}}}$  the residue field. These correspond to the generic and closed points of ${\displaystyle S={\text{Spec}}(R).}$  For example, the closed point of ${\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {Z} _{p})}$  is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p}}$  and the generic point is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}$ . Sometimes this is denoted as

${\displaystyle \eta \to S\leftarrow s}$ 

where ${\displaystyle \eta }$  is the generic point and ${\displaystyle s}$  is the closed point .

Localization of a point on a curve edit

Given an algebraic curve ${\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}$ , the local ring ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X,{\mathfrak {p}}}}$  at a smooth point ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}$  is a discrete valuation ring, because it is a principal valuation ring. Note because the point ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}$  is smooth, the completion of the local ring is isomorphic to the completion of the localization of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {A} ^{1}}$  at some point ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {q}}}$ .

Given a DVR R, any irreducible element of R is a generator for the unique maximal ideal of R and vice versa. Such an element is also called a uniformizing parameter of R (or a uniformizing element, a uniformizer, or a prime element).

If we fix a uniformizing parameter t, then M=(t) is the unique maximal ideal of R, and every other non-zero ideal is a power of M, i.e. has the form (t ^k) for some k≥0. All the powers of t are distinct, and so are the powers of M. Every non-zero element x of R can be written in the form αt ^k with α a unit in R and k≥0, both uniquely determined by x. The valuation is given by ν(x) = kv(t). So to understand the ring completely, one needs to know the group of units of R and how the units interact additively with the powers of t.

The function v also makes any discrete valuation ring into a Euclidean domain.^{[citation needed]}

Every discrete valuation ring, being a local ring, carries a natural topology and is a topological ring. We can also give it a metric space structure where the distance between two elements x and y can be measured as follows:

${\displaystyle |x-y|=2^{-\nu (x-y)}}$ 

(or with any other fixed real number > 1 in place of 2). Intuitively: an element z is "small" and "close to 0" iff its valuation ν(z) is large. The function |x-y|, supplemented by |0|=0, is the restriction of an absolute value defined on the field of fractions of the discrete valuation ring.

A DVR is compact if and only if it is complete and its residue field R/M is a finite field.

Examples of complete DVRs include

• the ring of p-adic integers and
• the ring of formal power series over any field

For a given DVR, one often passes to its completion, a complete DVR containing the given ring that is often easier to study. This completion procedure can be thought of in a geometrical way as passing from rational functions to power series, or from rational numbers to the reals.

Returning to our examples: the ring of all formal power series in one variable with real coefficients is the completion of the ring of rational functions defined (i.e. finite) in a neighborhood of 0 on the real line; it is also the completion of the ring of all real power series that converge near 0. The completion of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{(p)}=\mathbb {Q} \cap \mathbb {Z} _{p}}$  (which can be seen as the set of all rational numbers that are p-adic integers) is the ring of all p-adic integers Z_p.

• Category:Localization (mathematics)
• Local ring
• Ramification of local fields
• Cohen ring
• Valuation ring

• Atiyah, Michael Francis; Macdonald, I.G. (1969), Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Westview Press, ISBN 978-0-201-40751-8
• Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (2004), Abstract algebra (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-43334-7, MR 2286236
• Discrete valuation ring, The Encyclopaedia of Mathematics.