The peninsula known to modern cartographers as the "Dragon's Tail" or "Tiger's Tail"^[1] appeared under various names on different maps.

Early history edit

The peninsula does not appear in any surviving manuscript of Ptolemy's Geography or other Greek geographers. Instead, it is first attested in the Ptolemaic-influenced Book of the Description of the Earth compiled by al-Khwārizmī around 833 AD. Ptolemy's map ended at 180°E of the Fortunate Isles without being able to explain what might lie on the imagined eastern shore of the Indian Ocean or beyond the lands of the Sinae and of Serica in Asia. Chinese Muslims traditionally credit the Companion Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas with having missionized the country as early as the 7th century; the trading community was large enough that a large-scale massacre is recorded at Yangzhou in 760.^[2][3] Merchants such as Soleiman showed Al-Khwārizmī that the Indian Ocean was not closed as Hipparchus and Ptolemy had held but opened either narrowly or broadly. Al-Khwārizmī left most of Ptolemy's eastern coast but the creation of the strait created a new peninsula, beyond which he placed the Sea of Darkness and the Island of the Jewel.^[4][5]

Age of Discovery edit

Bartholomew Dias passed the Cape of Good Hope during a major storm in 1488; within a year or two, Martellus had published a world map showing the communication of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, creating an unconnected south point of Africa and transforming the eastern end of Ptolemy's shoreline into a great peninsula, similar to that described by Al-Khwārizmī.^[6] The area was detailed with locations from Marco Polo and other travelers, including positions formerly related to Ptolemy's Golden Chersonese.^[6] A similar peninsula then appeared on the Erdapfel globe drafted by Martin of Bohemia in 1492, just prior to Columbus's return. In the mid-16th century, António Galvão mentioned a map that had been purchased in 1428 by Dom Pedro, eldest son of John I, which described the Cape of Good Hope and included "the Strait of Magellan" under the name "Dragon's Tail" (Portuguese: Cola do dragam).^[7][8] Some South American scholars have taken this at face value as evidence of early and thorough exploration of the Americas, but their claims have not been substantiated.^[9][10]

Christopher Columbus—at least initially—believed in the existence of the peninsula, whose position and attendant islands considerably shortened the expected distance from the African coast to East Asia.^[12] He may have been guided directly by Martellus's maps.^[13] Columbus considered himself to have arrived at Champa, which figured prominently in three inscriptions on Martellus's 1491 map, and cartographers began to draw discoveries in Central America on the eastern shore of the phantom peninsula.^[12] Amerigo Vespucci also considered himself to have arrived at this peninsula rather than a new world.^[14]

Another form of this peninsula appeared in the 1502 Cantino planisphere smuggled out of Portugal for the Duke of Ferrara.^[15] The map has lost the Great Gulf and the peninsula continues to be too large, but it has merged with the Golden Chersonese as a single landform and bent more towards the east, apparently influenced by Arabic sources.^[16]

The Portuguese were aware of the peninsula's likely nonexistence by shortly after the fall of Malacca, when Albuquerque acquired a large Javanese map of Southeast Asia.^[17] The original was lost aboard the Froll de la Mar shortly afterwards^[18] but a tracing by Francisco Rodrigues was sent in its place as part of a letter to the king.^{[note 1]} Nonetheless, published maps continued to include it in different forms for another century.

The southern end of the peninsula was generally known as the Cape of Cattigara.

Martellus's world maps include labels marking the areas of Upper India (India Superior), Champa (Ciamba Provincia), and Greater Champa (Ciamba Magna Provincia).

• Strait of Magellan
• Golden Peninsula, another (semi-)phantom peninsula appeared in early and medieval world maps.

• al-Khwārizmī (c. 833), The Book of the Description of the Earth.
• Galvão, António (1563), Tratado... dos diuersos & desuayrados caminhos, por onde nos tempos passados a pimenta & especearia veyo da India às nossas partes, & assi de todos os descobrimentos antigos & modernos, que são feitos até a era de mil & quinhentos & cincoenta [Treatise on the Various and Sundry Ways that in Times Past Pepper and Spices Came from India to Our Parts & Also on All of the Discoveries Ancient & Modern Which Were Made up to the Year 1550] (PDF), Lisbon: Joam da Barreira. (in Portuguese)
• Galvano, Antonio (1862) [Portuguese version 1563, original translation 1601], The Discoveries of the World, from Their First Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555, Translated & edited by Richard Hakluyt, edited by C.R.D. Bethune, London: T. Richards for the Hakluyt Society. (in English and Portuguese)
• Robert J. King, “Finding Marco Polo’s Locach”, Terrae Incognitae, vol.50, no.1, April 2018, pp.1-18.
• Lester, Toby (2009), The Fourth Part of the World: The Epic Story of History's Greatest Map, London: Profile Books, ISBN 978-1-86197-803-5.
• Miller, Greg (15 September 2014), "Uncovering Hidden Text on a 500-Year-Old Map that Guided Columbus", Wired.
• Rapoport, Yossef; Savage-Smith, Emilie (2008), "The Book of Curiosities and a Unique Map of the World", in Talbert, Richard J.A.; Unger, Richard W. (eds.), Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods, Koninklijke Brill NV, ISBN 978-90-04-16663-9.
• Richardson, William A.R. (2003), "South America on Maps before Columbus? Martellus's 'Dragon's Tail' Peninsula", Imago Mundi, vol. 55, pp. 25–37, doi:10.1080/0308569032000097477, S2CID 129171245.
• Richardson, William A.R. (2011), "Terra Australis, Java la Grande, and Australia: Identity Problems and Fiction", in Scott, Anne M.; Hiatt, Alfred; McIlroy, Claire; Wortham, Christopher (eds.), European Perceptions of Terra Australis, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 93–110, ISBN 9781409426059.
• Siebold, Jim (2011), "#256: Martellus' World Maps", Cartographic Images, Oviedo: Henry Davis Consulting, retrieved 15 March 2015.
• Sollewijn Gelpke, J.H.F. (1995), "Afonso de Albuquerque's Pre-Portuguese 'Javanese' Map, Partially Reconstructed from Francisco Rodrigues' Book", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde, vol. 151, Leiden, pp. 76–99, doi:10.1163/22134379-90003056{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
• Suárez, Thomas (1999), Early Mapping of Southeast Asia, Singapore: Periplus Editions, ISBN 9781462906963.

• The c. 1489 Martellus world map & its negative at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book & MS Library