Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,^[8] false anglicisms,^[9] or pseudo-English.^[10]

Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.^[11][12]

The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."^[11][13] Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".^[14]

Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.^[15]

Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.^[11]

According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or vaterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".^[16]

Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].^[17]

Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.^[18]

The equivalent of pseudo-Anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English.

Many languages edit

Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",^[19] often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:^[20]

• autostop – hitchhiking in French,^[21] Italian,^[22] Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,^[23] Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dutch, etc.^[24]
• basket – basketball in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,^[25] Greek μπάσκετ,^[23] Turkish, etc.;^[24] also sneakers in French
• camping – campsite or campground in French,^[21] Greek κάμπινγκ,^[23] Bulgarian къмпинг,^[26] Russian ке́мпинг,^[27] Polish kemping,^[28] Portuguese,^[29] etc.
• smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,^[30] French,^[21] Portuguese,^[31] German,^[32] Italian,^[33] Greek σμόκιν,^[23] Russian, etc.^[24]

Japanese edit

• salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman)^[34] – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
• Pokémon (ポケモン, "pocket monster")^[34]

Korean edit

• one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])^[35]
• hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])^[36]
• skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)^[37]

Romance edit

French edit

French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.^[38]

• baby-foot^[39] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
• baby-parc^[39] – playpen
• blind test – music quiz / 'name that tune'
• brushing – blow-dry and styling^[40][41]
• building – high-rise building, tower block^[40][21]

• box – wifi router or parking space^[38]

• dancing – dance hall^[38]
• flirt – a brief romance, flirtation, a boyfriend or girlfriend^[21]
• footing – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning)
• night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
• pressing – dry cleaning shop,
• rallye-paper^[39] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes^[42]
• recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:recordwoman) – record holder, especially in sports
• relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
• rugbyman (n; masc.) – rugby player
• shake-hand^[39]
• shampooing – shampoo^[38]
• speaker, speakerine (feminine) – radio or television announcer^[38]
• standing – luxury, prestige^[38]
• surf – surfing^[38]
• tennisman – a tennis player

Italian edit

• autobus – a bus^[43]
• autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])^[44] – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
• beauty farm^[45] (Italian pronunciation: [bjutiˈfarm]) – spa
• The French borrowing bloc-notes (French pronunciation: [blɔknɔt]) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔts])^[46] – notebook
• jolly – the joker in a pack of cards^[40][47]
• pullman – a bus^[43]
• smart working Italian pronunciation: [zmartˈworking] – remote work, where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as smartphones and smartwatches.

Germanic edit

Danish edit

• babylift – baby transport/carrycot^[48][40]
• butterfly – bow tie^[49]
• cottoncoat – trench coat^[50]
• cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich^[51]
• doorstep – a short and informal press conference^[52]
• grillparty – a barbecue party^[53]
• monkeyclass – economy class^[54]
• speedmarker – a felt-tip pen^[55]
• stationcar – conflation of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)^[56]
• timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)^[57]

Dutch edit

• beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)^{[58][better source needed]}
• oldtimer – an antique car
• sport – to exercise or engage in a sport
• touringcar – a coach (bus)

German edit

German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).^[59] Infrequently, CamelCase may also be used.^{[citation needed]}

• Beamer – a video projector^[60]
• Bodybag – a messenger bag
• Charity-Lady (pl.: Charity-Ladys): upper-class woman who uses her fortune and her social influence to do charity work
• Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.^[11])
• Flipper – a pinball machine^[61]
• Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee^[40][62]
• Handy – a mobile phone^[63]
• Homeoffice – working from home, used as a noun^[59]
• Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees^[64]
• Oldtimer – an antique car^[40]
• Public Viewing – a public viewing event (party) of a football match or similar
• Shooting – a photoshoot^[61]
• trampen (verb) – hitchhiking^[65]
• mobbing – bullying

Norwegian edit

• sixpence – Flat cap^[66]

Swedish edit

• after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished^[67]
• backslick – A wet, combed-back hair style^{[citation needed]}
• pocket – A paper-back book^[68]

Slavic edit

Polish edit

• dres – tracksuit;^[69] sometimes also short for dresiarz (chav, gopnik)
• pendrive – USB flash drive
• camping – campsite

Russian edit

• Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap^[70] (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing); not to be confused with cross-dressing
• Клипмейкер ("Clip maker") – music video director^[71]
• Страйкбол ("strikeball")^[72][73] – airsoft
• Фейсконтроль ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance^{[citation needed]}
• Аниматор ("Animator") – children's entertainer
• Кемпинг ("camping") – campsite
• Рекордсмен ("records man") – record holder

Austronesian edit

Tagalog edit

• jeepney – a mode of public transport in the Philippines, much like a form of share taxi^{[74][failed verification]}

Malaysian Malay edit

• action – boast; boastful^[75]
• best – good^[75][76]
• cable – personal connection or insider^[75][77]
• power – great^[75][76]
• sound – scold^[75][76]
• spender – undergarment for lower body e.g briefs and panties^[75][76][77]
• terror – great^[77]

Indonesian edit

• cross boy/girl – delinquent person^[78]
• outbound – outdoor education or recreational activities^[78]

Other languages edit

Chinese edit

• coser – cosplayer, modelled after the verb "cos" (to cosplay)

Maltese edit

• goaler – goalkeeper^[79]

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• Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms