Squalane is the organic compound with the formula ((CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH(CH3)(CH2)3(CH2)3CH(CH3)(CH2)2)2. A colorless hydrocarbon, it is the hydrogenated derivative of squalene, although commercial samples are derived from nature.[3] In contrast to squalene, due to the complete saturation of squalane, it is not subject to auto-oxidation. This fact, coupled with its lower costs and desirable physical properties, led to its use as an emollient and moisturizer in cosmetics.[4]
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosane[1] | |
Other names
Perhydrosqualene; Dodecahydrosqualene
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Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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776019 | |
ChemSpider |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.478 |
EC Number |
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KEGG |
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MeSH | squalane |
PubChem CID
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RTECS number |
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UNII |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C30H62 | |
Molar mass | 422.826 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Colorless liquid |
Odor | Odorless |
Density | 810 mg/mL |
Melting point | −38 °C (−36 °F; 235 K) |
Boiling point | 176 °C (349 °F; 449 K) at 7 Pa |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.452 |
Viscosity | 31.123 mPa·s[2] |
Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
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886.36 J/(K·mol) |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−871.1...−858.3 kJ/mol |
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298) |
−19.8062...−19.7964 MJ/mol |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Warning | |
H315, H319, H335 | |
P261, P305+P351+P338 | |
Flash point | 218 °C (424 °F; 491 K) |
Related compounds | |
Related alkanes
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Phytane |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
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Squalene was traditionally sourced from the livers of sharks, with approximately 3000 required to produce one ton of squalane.[5] Due to environmental concerns, other sources such as olive oil, rice and sugar cane have been commercialized, and as of 2014 have been supplying about 40% of the industry total.[5]
In sugar cane squalane manufacturing, farnesene is produced from fermentation of sugarcane sugars using genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains.[5] Farnesene is then dimerized to isosqualene and then hydrogenated to squalane.[5][6]
In olive squalane manufacturing, squalene is extracted from olive oil residues thanks to green chemistry processes, and is then hydrogenated into squalane.[7]
Squalane was introduced as an emollient in the 1950s.[5] The unsaturated form squalene is produced in human sebum and the livers of sharks.[8][9] Squalane has low acute toxicity and is not a significant human skin irritant or sensitizer.[10][11]
The hydrogenation of squalene to produce squalane was first reported in 1916.[12][5]
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