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Triangular prism

Summary

In geometry, a triangular prism or trigonal prism[1] is a prism with 2 triangular bases. If the edges pair with each triangle's vertex and if they are perpendicular to the base, it is a right triangular prism. A right triangular prism may be both semiregular and uniform.

Triangular prism
TypePrism
Semiregular polyhedron
Uniform polyhedron
Faces2 triangles
3 squares
Edges9
Vertices6
Symmetry groupD3h
Dual polyhedronTriangular bipyramid

The triangular prism can be used in constructing another polyhedron. Examples are some of the Johnson solids, the truncated right triangular prism, and Schönhardt polyhedron.

Properties edit

A triangular prism has 6 vertices, 9 edges, and 5 faces. Every prism has 2 congruent faces known as its bases, and the bases of a triangular prism are triangles. The triangle has 3 vertices, each of which pairs with another triangle's vertex, making up another 3 edges. These edges form 3 parallelograms as other faces.[2] If the prism's edges are perpendicular to the base, the lateral faces are rectangles, and the prism is called a right triangular prism.[3] This prism may also be considered a special case of a wedge.[4]

 
3D model of a (uniform) triangular prism

If the base is equilateral and the lateral faces are square, then the right triangular prism is semiregular. A semiregular prism means that the number of its polygonal base's edges equals the number of its square faces.[5] More generally, the triangular prism is uniform. This means that a triangular prism has regular faces and has an isogonal symmetry on vertices.[6] The three-dimensional symmetry group of a right triangular prism is dihedral group D3h of order 12: the appearance is unchanged if the triangular prism is rotated one- and two- thirds of a full angle around its axis of symmetry passing through the center's base, and reflecting across a horizontal plane. The dual polyhedron of a triangular prism is a triangular bipyramid. The triangular bipyramid has the same symmetry as the triangular prism.[1] The dihedral angle between two adjacent square faces is the internal angle of an equilateral triangle π/3 = 60°, and that between a square and a triangle is π/2 = 90°.[7]

The volume of any prism is the product of the area of the base and the distance between the two bases.[8] In the case of a triangular prism, its base is a triangle, so its volume can be calculated by multiplying the area of a triangle and the length of the prism:

 
where b is the length of one side of the triangle, h is the length of an altitude drawn to that side, and l is the distance between the triangular faces.[9] In the case of a right triangular prism, where all its edges are equal in length l, its volume can be calculated as the product of the equilateral triangle's area and length l:[10]
 

The triangular prism can be represented as the prism graph Π3. More generally, the prism graph Πn represents the n-sided prism.[11]

Related polyhedron edit

In construction of polyhedron edit

Beyond the triangular bipyramid as its dual polyhedron, many other polyhedrons are related to the triangular prism. A Johnson solid is a convex polyhedron with regular faces, and this definition is sometimes omitted uniform polyhedrons such as Archimedean solids, Catalan solids, prisms and antiprisms.[12] There are 6 Johnson solids with their construction involving the triangular prism: elongated triangular pyramid, elongated triangular bipyramid, gyrobifastigium, augmented triangular prism, biaugmented triangular prism, and triaugmented triangular prism. The elongated triangular pyramid and the gyroelongated triangular pyramid are constructed by attaching tetrahedron onto the base of a triangular prism. The augmented triangular prism, biaugmented triangular prism, and triaugmented triangular prism are constructed by attaching equilateral square pyramids onto the square face of the prism. The gyrobifastigium is constructed by attaching two triangular prisms along one of its square faces.[13]

 
Truncted right triangular prism

A truncated triangular prism is a triangular prism constructed by truncating its part at an oblique angle. As a result, the two bases are not parallel and every height has a different edge length. If the edges connecting bases are perpendicular to one of its bases, the prism is called a truncated right triangular prism. Given that A is the area of the triangular prism's base, and the three heights h1, h2, and h3, its volume can be determined in the following formula:[14]

 
 
Schönhardt polyhedron

Schönhardt polyhedron is another polyhedron constructed from a triangular prism with equilateral triangle bases. This way, one of its bases rotates around the prism's centerline and breaks the square faces into skew polygons. Each square face can be re-triangulated with two triangles to form a non-convex dihedral angle.[15] As a result, the Schönhardt polyhedron cannot be triangulated by a partition into tetrahedra. It is also that the Schönhardt polyhedron has no internal diagonals.[16] It is named after German mathematician Erich Schönhardt, who described it in 1928, although the related structure was exhibited by artist Karlis Johansons in 1921.[17]

There are 4 uniform compounds of triangular prisms. They are compound of four triangular prisms, compound of eight triangular prisms, compound of ten triangular prisms, compound of twenty triangular prisms.[18]

Honeycombs edit

There are 9 uniform honeycombs that include triangular prism cells:

Gyroelongated alternated cubic honeycomb, elongated alternated cubic honeycomb, gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb, snub square prismatic honeycomb, triangular prismatic honeycomb, triangular-hexagonal prismatic honeycomb, truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb, rhombitriangular-hexagonal prismatic honeycomb, snub triangular-hexagonal prismatic honeycomb, elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb

Related polytopes edit

The triangular prism is first in a dimensional series of semiregular polytopes. Each progressive uniform polytope is constructed vertex figure of the previous polytope. Thorold Gosset identified this series in 1900 as containing all regular polytope facets, containing all simplexes and orthoplexes (equilateral triangles and squares in the case of the triangular prism). In Coxeter's notation the triangular prism is given the symbol −121.

k21 figures in n dimensions
Space Finite Euclidean Hyperbolic
En 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Coxeter
group 		E3=A2A1 E4=A4 E5=D5 E6 E7 E8 E9 =   = E8+ E10 =   = E8++
Coxeter
diagram 		                                                                                         
Symmetry [3−1,2,1] [30,2,1] [31,2,1] [32,2,1] [33,2,1] [34,2,1] [35,2,1] [36,2,1]
Order 12 120 1,920 51,840 2,903,040 696,729,600 ∞
Graph             - -
Name −121 021 121 221 321 421 521 621

Four dimensional space edit

The triangular prism exists as cells of a number of four-dimensional uniform 4-polytopes, including:

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b King (1994), p. 113.
  2. ^
  3. ^ Kern & Bland (1938), p. 25.
  4. ^ Haul (1893), p. 45.
  5. ^ O'Keeffe & Hyde (2020), p. 139.
  6. ^
  7. ^ Johnson (1966).
  8. ^ Kern & Bland (1938), p. 26.
  9. ^
  10. ^ Berman (1971).
  11. ^ Pisanski & Servatius (2013), p. 21.
  12. ^
  13. ^
  14. ^ Kern & Bland (1938), p. 81.
  15. ^
  16. ^ Bagemihl (1948).
  17. ^
  18. ^ Skilling (1976).

Bibliography edit

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  • Bansod, Yogesh Deepak; Nandanwar, Deepesh; Burša, Jiří (2014). "Overview of tensegrity – I: Basic structures" (PDF). Engineering Mechanics. 21 (5): 355–367.
  • Berman, Leah Wrenn; Williams, Gordon (2009). "Exploring Polyhedra and Discovering Euler's Formula". In Hopkin, Brian (ed.). Resources for Teaching Discrete Mathematics: Classroom Projects, History Modules, and Articles. Mathematical Association of America.
  • Berman, Martin (1971). "Regular-faced convex polyhedra". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 291 (5): 329–352. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(71)90071-8. MR 0290245.
  • Bezdek, Andras; Carrigan, Braxton (2016). "On nontriangulable polyhedra". Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie. 57 (1): 51–66. doi:10.1007/s13366-015-0248-4. MR 3457762. S2CID 118484882.
  • Haul, Wm. S. (1893). Mensuration. Ginn & Company.
  • Kern, William F.; Bland, James R. (1938). Solid Mensuration with proofs. OCLC 1035479.
  • King, Robert B. (1994). "Polyhedral Dynamics". In Bonchev, Danail D.; Mekenyan, O.G. (eds.). Graph Theoretical Approaches to Chemical Reactivity. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1202-4. ISBN 978-94-011-1202-4.
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  • Messer, Peter W. (2002). "Closed-Form Expressions for Uniform Polyhedra and Their Duals". Discrete Comput Geometry. 27: 353–375. doi:10.1007/s00454-001-0078-2.
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  • Pisanski, Tomaž; Servatius, Brigitte (2013). Configuration from a Graphical Viewpoint. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-8176-8364-1. ISBN 978-0-8176-8363-4.
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  • Schönhardt, E. (1928). "Über die Zerlegung von Dreieckspolyedern in Tetraeder". Mathematische Annalen: 309–312. doi:10.1007/BF01451597.
  • Skilling, John (1976), "Uniform Compounds of Uniform Polyhedra", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 79: 447–457, doi:10.1017/S0305004100052440, MR 0397554
  • Todesco, Gian Marco (2020). "Hyperbolic Honeycomb". In Emmer, Michele; Abate, Marco (eds.). Imagine Math 7: Between Culture and Mathematics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42653-8. ISBN 978-3-030-42653-8.
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