Hug
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For other uses, see Hug (disambiguation).
"Cuddle" redirects here. For other uses, see Cuddle (disambiguation).
"Group hug" redirects here. For other uses, see Group hug (disambiguation).
A hug is a form of physical intimacy, universal in human communities, in which two or more people put their arms around the neck, back, or waist of one another and hold each other closely. If more than two persons are involved, this is informally referred to as a group hug.
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Etymology[edit]
The origins of the word are unknown but two theories exist. The first is that the verb "hug" (first used in the 1560s) could be related to the Old Norse word hugga, which meant to comfort. The second theory is that the word is related to the German word hegen which means to foster or cherish, and originally meant to enclose with a hedge.[1]
Characteristics[edit]
A hug, sometimes in association with a kiss, is a form of nonverbal communication. Depending on culture, context and relationship, a hug can indicate familiarity, love, affection, friendship, brotherhood or sympathy.[2] A hug can indicate support, comfort, and consolation, particularly where words are insufficient. A hug usually demonstrates affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising from joy or happiness when reunited with someone or seeing someone absent after a long time. A non-reciprocal hug may demonstrate a relational problem. A hug can range from a brief one second squeeze, with the arms not fully around the partner, to an extended holding. The length of a hug in any situation is socially and culturally determined. In the case of lovers, and occasionally others, the hips may also be pressed together.
Unlike some other types of physical contact, a hug can be practiced publicly and privately without stigma in many countries, religions and cultures, within families, and also across age and gender lines,[3] but is generally an indication that people are familiar with each other. Moving from a handshake (or touch-free) relationship to a hug relationship is a sign of a closer friendship such as best friends.[citation needed]
An unexpected hug can be regarded as an invasion of a person's personal space, but if it is reciprocated it is an indication that it is welcome. Some Western culture commentators advise avoiding hugs at work to prevent uncomfortable moments, especially with people who dislike hugging.[4] Also, a person, especially a child, may caress and hug a doll or stuffed animal. Young children will also hug their parents when they feel threatened by an unfamiliar person, although this may be regarded as clinging onto rather than hugging because it demonstrates a need for protection rather than affection.
Cultural aspects[edit]
While less common, hugging may be undertaken as part of a ritual or social act in certain social groups. It is a custom in some cultures such as France, Spain and Latin America for male friends to hug (as well as slap each other on the back) in a joyous greeting.[5] A similar hug, usually accompanied by a kiss on the cheek, is also becoming a custom among Western women at meeting or parting. In Portugal and Brazil, it is common, mostly among males, to finish letters and emails with Um abraço or Abraço followed by the sender's signature. Similar formulas may be used in oral communication. In the Roman Catholic rite of the Holy Mass a hug may be substituted for a kiss or handshake during the kiss of peace ritual.
In May 2009, The New York Times reported that "the hug has become the favorite social greeting when teenagers meet or part these days" in the United States.[6] A number of schools in the United States have issued bans on hugs, which in some cases have resulted in student-led protests against these bans.[7][8]
A Canadian journalistic investigation in 2015 noted the popularity of the hug in bromance, among young francophone adults in Quebec.[9]
Some cultures do not use hugging as a sign of affection or love, such as the Himba in Namibia.[citation needed] During the Islamic fasting month of Ramadan, it is halal (permissible) for someone to hug one's significant other during daylight hours if one has self-control. However, if accompanied by libidinous urges, it is haram (sinful).[10]
Health benefits[edit]
Hugging has been proven to have health benefits. One study has shown that hugs increase levels of oxytocin and reduce blood pressure.[11]
Group hug[edit]
A group hug has been found to be a useful tool in group therapy to cement a sense of cohesion among the participants after a session,[12] although it may cause discomfort for group members who shy away from physical contact.[12]
Cuddling[edit]
Cuddling is a related form of physical intimacy in which two people hold one another with each person's arms wrapped around the other's body. Cuddling can be with family members, friends or lovers. In 2014, British sociologists Eric Anderson and Mark McCormack published a study which shows that 93% of British heterosexuals student-athletes had spooned or cuddled with a male friend, as a sign of friendship.[13][14] Similar to hugging, cuddling is a more affectionate and intimate embrace, normally done for a longer period of time (usually lasting from a few minutes to several hours). In contrast to hugging, which can often be a nonverbal greeting or parting tradition, cuddling is usually shared between two people who are lying down together or sitting somewhere in an intimate manner. Like hugging, cuddling makes the body release oxytocin, which has a variety of effects.
Cuddling business[edit]
In non-humans[edit]Cuddling has become a profitable business worldwide for many ‘professional cuddlers’, who promote their business as a paid, non-sexual service, aimed at those missing the touch and connection of another person.
Patricia McConnell notes that dogs tend to enjoy being hugged less than humans and other primates do, since canines interpret putting a limb over another animal as a sign of dominance.[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kathleen Keating (1994). The Hug Therapy Book. Hazelden PES. ISBN 1-56838-094-1.
Jump up ^ Duranti, Alessandro (June 1997). "Universal and Culture-Specific Properties of Greetings". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 7 (1): 63–97.
Jump up ^ "A New Rule For The Workplace: 'Hug Sparingly'". NPR. 2014-01-11.
Jump up ^ William Cane, The Art of Hugging: The World-Famous Kissing Coach Offers Inspiration and Advice on Why, Where, and How to Hug, St. Martin's Griffin, USA, 2013
Jump up ^ Kershaw, Sarah (2009-05-27). "For Teenagers, Hello Means 'How About a Hug?'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
Jump up ^ Grant, Denise (2010-04-15). "Students pan hugging ban".
Jump up ^ "School Bans Hugs Over 2 Seconds". 2008-03-02. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lili Boisvert, radio-canada.ca, Bromance : ces gars qui craquent pour leurs amis, Canada, January 19, 2015
Jump up ^ [1]Archived October 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "How hugs can aid women's hearts". BBC News. August 8, 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Albert Pesso, Movement in Psychotherapy: Psychomotor Techniques and Training (1969), p. 92-93.
Jump up ^ Eric Anderson, Mark McCormack, Journal Men and Masculinities, Cuddling and Spooning: Heteromasculinity and Homosocial Tactility among Student-athletes, UK, March 12, 2014
Jump up ^ HENRY ALFORD, Journal nytimes.com, The Bro Hug: Embracing a Change in Custom, USA, September 26, 2014
Jump up ^ Patricia McConnell (June 4, 2002), The Other End of the Leash (1st ed.), Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-345-44679-4
