Glaucium flavum, the yellow horned poppy,[2]yellow hornpoppy or sea poppy, is a summer flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is native to Europe, Northern Africa, Macaronesia and temperate zones in Western Asia. The plant grows on the seashore and is never found inland. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic. It is classed as a noxious weed in some areas of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is grown in gardens as a short-lived perennial but usually grown as a biennial.
It has thick, leathery deeply segmented, wavy, bluish-grey leaves, which are coated in a layer of water-retaining wax. The sepal, petals and stamen have a similar structure and form to the red poppy (Papaver rhoeas), except the sepals are not hairy.[3] It grows up to 30–90 cm (1–3 ft) tall,[4] on branched, grey stems. It blooms in summer,[5] between June and October.[4][6] It has bright yellow or orange flowers,[5] that are 7.5 cm (3 in) across.[4] Later, it produces a very long, upright,[5] thin,[4] distinctive horn shaped capsule, which is 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long. It is divided into two chambers,[3] which split open to reveal the seeds.[4]
Taxonomyedit
It was first published and described by Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz in 'Stirp. Austr. Fasc.' (Stirpium Austriarum) vol.2 on page 133 in 1763.[7][1][8] The species epithetflavum is Latin for yellow and indicates its flower colour.[9]
It is commonly known as sea-poppy,[10]horned-poppy, and yellow horned-poppy.[5][11]
It grows in coastal habitats on shingle banks and beaches,[6][13] but can also be found on cliff tops and in sand dunes.[4]
Toxicityedit
It produces an orange foul-smelling sap, if cut open.[4] All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic, and can cause a wide range of symptoms if eaten,[4] and respiratory failure, resulting in death.[14]
Cultureedit
It is referenced in various poems.
A poppy grows upon the shore,
Bursts her twin cups in summer late:
Her leaves are glaucus-green and hoar,
Her petals yellow, delicate.
She has no lovers like the red,
That dances with the noble corn:
Her blossoms on the waves are shed,
Where she stands shivering and forlorn.
In the past, it was known in Hampshire, UK, as 'squatmore', and the roots were used to treat bruises,[4] and pains in the breast, stomach and intestines.[10]
Referencesedit
^ ab"Glaucium flavum Crantz is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 42. ISBN 9780906720561.
^ abL. J. F. Brimble (1947). Flowers in Britain. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 54.
^ abcdefghiReader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.
^ abcde"Glaucium flavum". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ ab"Yellow horned-poppy Glucium flavum". norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^Crantz, Heinrich Johann Nepomuk (1763). Stirpium Austriarum Fasciculus II. Viennæ Austriæ: Kurzböck.
^"Papaveraceae Glaucium flavum Crantz". ipni.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 258, at Google Books
^ abW. T. Fernie Herbal Simples: Approved for Modern Uses of Cure (1897), p. 441, at Google Books
^ abcd"Taxon: Glaucium flavum Crantz". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^Hassler, M. (September 2017). "Accepted scientific name: Glaucium flavum Crantz (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ abCambrollé, Jesús; Redondo-Gómez, Susana; Mateos-Naranjo, Enrique; Luque, Teresa; Figueroa, Manuel Enrique (February 2011). "Physiological responses to salinity in the yellow-horned poppy, Glaucium flavum". Plant Physiol Biochem. 49 (2): 186–94. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.008. PMID 21168338.
^Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. (Cooper & Johnson ed.2)
^"The shorter poems of Robert Bridges (1890)". Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^"Sea Poppies". poetryfoundation.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^G.B. Lapa; O.P. Sheichenko; A.G. Serezhechkin; O.N. Tolkachev (August 2004). "HPLC Determination of Glaucine in Yellow Horn Poppy Grass (Glaucium flavum Crantz)". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 38 (1): 441–442. doi:10.1023/B:PHAC.0000048907.58847.c6. ISSN 0091-150X. S2CID 44040818. S-(+)-Glaucine (C21H25NO4) is the main alkaloid component in the grass of yellow horn poppy (Glaucium luteum L., syn. Glaucium flavum Crantz) of the family Papaveraceae
^Cortijo J, Villagrasa V, Pons R, Berto L, Martí-Cabrera M, Martinez-Losa M, Domenech T, Beleta J, Morcillo EJ (August 1999). "Bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activities of glaucine: In vitro studies in human airway smooth muscle and polymorphonuclear leukocytes". British Journal of Pharmacology. 127 (7): 1641–51. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702702. PMC1566148. PMID 10455321.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Rühle KH, Criscuolo D, Dieterich HA, Köhler D, Riedel G (May 1984). "Objective evaluation of dextromethorphan and glaucine as antitussive agents". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 17 (5): 521–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02384.x. PMC1463443. PMID 6375709.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Rovinskiĭ VI (September 1989). "A case of hallucinogen-like action of glaucine. (Russian)". Klinicheskaia Meditsina (Mosk). 67 (9): 107–8. PMID 2586025.
^Rovinskiĭ VI (2006). "Acute glaucine syndrome in the physician's practice: the clinical picture and potential danger. (Russian)". Klinicheskaia Meditsina (Mosk). 84 (11): 68–70. PMID 17243616.
^Dargan PI, Button J, Hawkins L, Archer JR, Ovaska H, Lidder S, Ramsey J, Holt DW, Wood DM (May 2008). "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (5): 553–4. doi:10.1007/s00228-007-0451-9. PMID 18204834. S2CID 21348503.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)