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Marshal of the Soviet Union

Summary

Marshal of the Soviet Union (Russian: Маршал Советского Союза, romanized: Marshal sovetskogo soyuza, pronounced [ˈmarʂəl sɐˈvʲetskəvə sɐˈjuzə]) was the second-highest military rank of the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin wore the uniform and insignia of Marshal after World War II.

Marshal of the Soviet Union
Маршал Советского Союза
Marshal's star – big
Uniform shoulder strap (1955–1991)
Country Soviet Union
Service branchRed Army (1922–1946)
Soviet Army (1946–1991)
RankGeneral officer
Formation22 September 1935
AbolishedDecember 1991
Next higher rankGeneralissimo
Next lower rankChief marshal of the branch
Army General
Equivalent ranksAdmiral of the Fleet
Rank insignias of Marshal of the Soviet Union
Gorget patch
1935–40
Gorget patch
1940–43
Sleeve chevron
1940–43
Shoulder board
1943–55
Peaked cap
1945–91

The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was created in 1935 and abolished in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved. Forty-one people held this rank. The equivalent naval rank was until 1955 admiral of the fleet and from 1955 Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union.

History of the rank

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The first five marshals of the Soviet Union from left to right: Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny, Kliment Voroshilov, Vasily Blyukher, and Alexander Yegorov. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov would survive the Great Purge.

The military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was established by a decree of the Soviet Cabinet, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), on 22 September 1935. On 20 November, the rank was conferred on five people: People's Commissar of Defence and veteran Bolshevik Kliment Voroshilov, chief of the General Staff of the Red Army Alexander Yegorov, and three senior commanders, Vasily Blyukher, Semyon Budyonny, and Mikhail Tukhachevsky.

Of these, Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, and Yegorov were executed during Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–38. On 7 May 1940, three new marshals were appointed: the new People's Commissar of Defence, Semyon Timoshenko, Boris Shaposhnikov, and Grigory Kulik.

During World War II, Kulik was demoted for incompetence, and the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was given to a number of military commanders who earned it on merit. These included Georgy Zhukov, Ivan Konev and Konstantin Rokossovsky to name a few. In 1943, Stalin himself was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, and in 1945, he was joined by his intelligence and police chief Lavrentiy Beria. These non-military marshals were joined in 1947 by politician Nikolai Bulganin.

Two Marshals were executed in postwar purges: Kulik in 1950 and Beria in 1953, following Stalin's death. Thereafter the rank was awarded only to professional soldiers, with the exception of Leonid Brezhnev, who made himself a marshal in 1976, and Dmitry Ustinov, who was prominent in the arms industry and was appointed Minister of Defence in July 1976. The last Marshal of the Soviet Union was Dmitry Yazov, appointed in 1990, who was imprisoned after the failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991. Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev committed suicide in 1991 during the fall of the Soviet Union.

The Marshals fell into three generational groups.

  • Those who had gained their reputations during the Russian Civil War. These included both those who were purged in 1937–38 (Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, and Yegorov), and those who held high commands in the early years of World War II (Budyonny, Kulik, Shaposhnikov, Timoshenko and Voroshilov). All of the latter except Shaposhnikov and Timoshenko proved out-of-step with modern warfare and were removed from commanding positions.
  • Those who built their reputations during World War II and assumed high commands in the latter part of the war. These included Zhukov, Vasilevsky, Konev, Rokossovsky, Malinovsky, Tolbukhin, Govorov, and Meretskov.
  • Those who assumed high command during the Cold War era. All were officers in World War II, but their higher commands were held in the Warsaw Pact or as Soviet defence ministers. These included Sokolovsky, Grechko, Yakubovsky, Kulikov, Ogarkov, Akhromeyev, and Yazov.

All marshals in the third category had been officers in World War II, except Ustinov, who had been People's Commissar for Armaments. Even Yazov, who was 20 when the war ended, had been a platoon commander. Brezhnev was not a professional soldier, but was still commissioned as a political commissar in the war.

Of the 35 Marshals who were career soldiers, the majority were of Russian origin. Timoshenko (Tymoshenko), Kulik (Kulyk), Grechko (Hrechko), Yeremenko (Yeryomenko), Moskalenko, Batitsky (Batytsʹkyy) and Koshevoy (Koshovyy) were of Ukrainian origin, while Sokolovsky (Sakaloŭski) and Yakubovsky (Jakuboŭski) had Belarusian origins. Rokossovsky (Rokossowski) was born in Congress Poland to a Polish family, while Malinovsky (Malinowsky) was born in Odessa (now in Ukraine) to a Polish father. Tukhachevsky also had Polish ancestry. Bagramyan (Baghramyan) was the sole marshal of Armenian origin.

The rank was abolished with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. It was succeeded in modern Russia by the rank of Marshal of the Russian Federation, which has been held by only one person, Igor Sergeyev, who was Russia's defence minister from 1997 to 2001. There have been no living marshals since Yazov's death in February 2020.

List of marshals

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List of Marshals of the Soviet Union
No. Name Photo Date of rank Positions held[a] Central
Committee
member 		Secretariat
member 		Politburo, Presidium
member 		Yrs[b] Notes[c]
1 Kliment Voroshilov   20 Nov 1935[1]
Other positions (1939–1942)
 Yes
(10th–20th, 23rd) 		No Yes
(14th–20th) 		25 (1881–1969) Resigned as head of state, 1960.[11] Mayor of Luhansk, 1917; People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, 1925–1934. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1956 and 1968; Hero of Socialist Labour, 1960.
2 Semyon Budyonny   20 Nov 1935[12]
  • Inspector of Cavalry, Red Army, 1924–1937.
  • Commander, Moscow Military District, 1937–1940.
  • First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence, 1940–1942.[13]
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence, 1942–1943.
  • Inspector of Cavalry, Red Army, 1943–1945.[14]
  • Deputy Minister of Agriculture, 1947–1953.
  • Deputy Minister of Agriculture/Inspector of Cavalry, Soviet Ground Forces, 1953–1954.
Field commands (1940–1942)
 Yes
(Candidate: 17th, 19th–24th; Full: 18th) 		No No 17 (1883–1973) Retired, 1954. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1958, 1963 and 1968.
3 Mikhail Tukhachevsky   20 Nov 1935[12]
  • First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Chief of Ordnance, Red Army, 1931–1936.[16]
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Inspector of Military Training, Red Army, 1936–1937.[17]
 Candidate
(17th) 		No No 2 (1893–1937)[e] Stripped of rank, 1937. Posthumously rehabilitated.
4 Alexander Yegorov   20 Nov 1935[12] Candidate
(17th) 		No No 3 (1883–1939)[f] Stripped of rank, 1938. Posthumously rehabilitated.
5 Vasily Blyukher   20 Nov 1935[12]
  • Commander, Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army, 1935–1938.
  • Commander in Chief, Far Eastern Front, 1938.[19]
 Yes
(17th)[g] 		No No 3 (1889–1938)[h] Retroactively stripped of rank, 1939. Posthumously rehabilitated.
6 Semyon Timoshenko   7 May 1940  
Field commands (1941–1943)
 Yes
(Full: 18th; Candidate: 19th–23rd) 		No No 20 (1895–1970) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1960. Chairman, State Committee for War Veterans, 1961–1970. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940 and 1965; awarded Order of Victory, 1945.
7 Boris Shaposhnikov   7 May 1940   Candidate
(18th) 		No No 5 (1882–1945) Died in office.
8 Grigory Kulik   7 May 1940  
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Deputy Chief, General Staff of the Red Army/Head, Main Artillery Directorate, Red Army, 1937–1941.
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Head, Main Formation and Training Directorate, Red Army, 1941.
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence, 1941–1942.
  • Commander, 54th Army, 1941.
  • Stavka Representative to the Crimean Front, 1941–1942.
 Yes
(18th) 		No No 2 (1890–1950)[i] Stripped of rank, 1942. Posthumously rehabilitated. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940 (rescinded 1942).[27]
9 Georgy Zhukov   18 Jan 1943[28] Yes
(Candidate: 18th; Full: 19th–20th) 		No Yes
(20th) 		14 (1896–1974)[k] Dismissed as minister of defence, 1957. Chief, General Staff of the Red Army, 1941. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940, 1944, 1945 and 1956; awarded Order of Victory, 1944 and 1945.
10 Aleksandr Vasilevsky   16 Feb 1943[33] Yes
(19th–20th) 		No No 14 (1895–1977) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1959. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1944 and 1945.
11 Joseph Stalin   6 Mar 1943[41] Yes
(6th Conf.–19th) 		Yes
(11th–19th) 		Yes
(6th Comp.–19th) 		10 (1878–1953) Died in office. Promoted to Generalissimo, 27 Jun 1945. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1939; Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1944.
12 Ivan Konev   20 Feb 1944[43] Yes
(Candidate: 18th; Full: 19th–24th) 		No No 17 (1897–1973)[p] Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1960; reappointed, 1962. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1945.
13 Leonid Govorov   18 Jun 1944[45] Candidate
(19th) 		No No 11 (1897–1955) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1945.
14 Konstantin Rokossovsky   29 Jun 1944[47] Candidate
(22nd–23rd) 		No No 18 (1896–1968) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1962. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. Made Marshal of Poland, 1949.
15 Rodion Malinovsky   10 Sep 1944[51] Yes
(Candidate: 19th; Full: 20th–23rd) 		No No 23 (1898–1967) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945 and 1958; awarded Order of Victory, 1945.
16 Fyodor Tolbukhin   12 Sep 1944[53] No No No 5 (1894–1949) Died in office. Posthumously made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1965; awarded Order of Victory, 1945.
17 Kirill Meretskov   26 Oct 1944[54] Candidate
(18th–19th) 		No No 20 (1897–1968) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1964. Chief, General Staff of the Red Army, 1940–1941. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940; awarded Order of Victory, 1945.
18 Lavrentiy Beria   9 Jul 1945[60] Yes
(17th–19th) 		No Yes
(18th–19th)[r] 		8 (1899–1953)[s] Stripped of rank, 1953. First Secretary, Communist Party of Georgia, 1931–1932, 1934–1938; First Secretary, Communist Party, Transcaucasian SFSR, 1932–1938. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1943.
19 Vasily Sokolovsky   3 Jul 1946   Yes
(Full: 19th–20th; Candidate: 22nd–23rd) 		No No 14 (1897–1968) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1960. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945.
20 Nikolai Bulganin   3 Nov 1947[63] Yes
(17th–20th)[w] 		No Yes
(18th–20th)[x] 		11 (1895–1975)[y] Stripped of rank, 1958.[68] Chairman, Council of People's Commissars, Russian SFSR, 1937–1938; Deputy Chairman, Council of People's Commissars, 1938–1944; Chairman, State Bank of the Soviet Union, 1938–1940, 1940–1945. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1955.
21 Andrei Grechko   11 Mar 1955   Yes
(Candidate: 19th–20th; Full: 22nd–25th) 		No Yes
(24th–25th) 		21 (1903–1976) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1958 and 1973.
22 Ivan Bagramyan   11 Mar 1955   Yes
(Candidate: 19th–20th; Full: 22nd–26th) 		No No 13 (1897–1982) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1968. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1977.
23 Sergey Biryuzov   11 Mar 1955   Yes
(Candidate: 20th; Full: 22nd) 		No No 9 (1904–1964) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1958.
24 Kirill Moskalenko   11 Mar 1955   Yes
(20th–26th) 		No No 28 (1902–1985) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1983. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1943 and 1978.
25 Vasily Chuikov   11 Mar 1955   Yes
(Candidate: 20th; Full: 22nd–26th) 		No No 17 (1900–1982) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1972. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany, 1949–1953. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945.
26 Andrey Yeryomenko   11 Mar 1955   Yes
(Candidate: 20th, 23rd; Full: 22nd) 		No No 3 (1892–1970) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1958. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944.
27 Matvei Zakharov   8 May 1959   Yes
(22nd–24th) 		No No 12 (1898–1972) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1971. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945 and 1971. Director, Main Intelligence Directorate, 1949–1952.
28 Filipp Golikov   6 May 1961   Yes
(22nd) 		No No 1 (1900–1980) Relieved and appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1962. Director, Main Intelligence Directorate, 1940–1941.
29 Nikolay Krylov   28 Apr 1962   Yes
(22nd–24th) 		No No 10 (1903–1972) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, twice in 1945.
30 Ivan Yakubovsky   12 Apr 1967   Yes
(22nd–25th) 		No No 9 (1912–1976) Died in office. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1960–1961; 1962–1965. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, twice in 1944.
31 Pavel Batitsky   15 Apr 1968   Yes
(Candidate: 22nd; Full: 23rd–26th) 		No No 10 (1910–1984) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1978. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1965.
32 Pyotr Koshevoy   15 Apr 1968   Candidate
(22nd–23rd) 		No No 1 (1904–1976) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1969. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945.
33 Leonid Brezhnev   7 May 1976[75] Yes
(19th–26th) 		Yes
(19th–26th) 		Yes
(Candidate: 19th; Full: 20th–26th) 		6 (1906–1982) Died in office. First Secretary, Communist Party of Moldavia, 1950–1952; First Secretary, Communist Party of Kazakhstan, 1955–1956; Chairman, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 1960–1964; Second Secretary, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1963–1964. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1966, 1976, 1978 and 1981; Hero of Socialist Labour, 1961; awarded Order of Victory, 1978 (rescinded 1989).
34 Dmitry Ustinov   30 Jul 1976[76] Yes
(19th–26th) 		Yes
(22nd–25th) 		Yes
(Candidate: 22nd–24th; Full: 25th–26th) 		8 (1908–1984)[aa] Died in office. Minister of the Defence Industry, 1941–1957;[ab] Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers, 1957–1963; First Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers, 1963–1965; CPSU Central Committee Secretary for Administrative Organs, 1963–1976; for the Defence Industry, 1965–1976. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1942 and 1961; Hero of the Soviet Union, 1978.
35 Viktor Kulikov   14 Jan 1977   Yes
(24th–27th) 		No No 12 (1921–2013) Relieved, 1989. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1969–1971; Chief, General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces, 1971–1977; Member of the State Duma, 2000–2003. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1981.
36 Nikolai Ogarkov   14 Jan 1977   Yes
(Candidate: 23rd; Full: 24th–28th) 		No No 11 (1917–1994) Relieved as chief of the general staff, 1984; appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1988. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1977.
37 Sergei Sokolov   17 Feb 1978   Yes
(23rd–27th)[ac] 		No Candidate
(26th–27th) 		9 (1911–2012) Dismissed as minister of defence, 1987. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1980.
38 Sergey Akhromeyev   25 Mar 1983   Yes
(26th–27th)[ad] 		No No 5 (1923–1991) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1988. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1982.
39 Semyon Kurkotkin   25 Mar 1983   Yes
(Candidate: 24th; Full: 25th–27th) 		No No 5 (1917–1990) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1988. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1971–1972. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1981.
40 Vasily Petrov   25 Mar 1983   Yes
(25th–27th) 		No No 3 (1917–2014) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1986. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1982.
41 Dmitry Yazov   28 Apr 1990   Yes
(Candidate: 26th; Full: 27th–28th)[ae] 		No Candidate
(27th) 		1 (1924–2020) Dismissed as minister of defence, 1991.

Timeline

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Dmitry YazovHistory of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)Vasily Petrov (marshal)Semyon KurkotkinSergey AkhromeyevHistory of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)Sergei Sokolov (marshal)Nikolai OgarkovViktor KulikovDmitry UstinovLeonid BrezhnevPyotr KoshevoyPavel BatitskyIvan YakubovskyHistory of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)Nikolay Krylov (marshal)Filipp GolikovMatvei ZakharovAndrey YeryomenkoVasily ChuikovKirill MoskalenkoSergey BiryuzovIvan BagramyanAndrei GrechkoHistory of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)Nikolai BulganinVasily SokolovskyLavrentiy BeriaKirill MeretskovFyodor TolbukhinRodion MalinovskyKonstantin RokossovskyLeonid GovorovIvan KonevJoseph StalinAleksandr VasilevskyGeorgy ZhukovGrigory KulikBoris ShaposhnikovSemyon TimoshenkoVasily BlyukherAlexander Yegorov (soldier)Mikhail TukhachevskySemyon BudyonnyKliment VoroshilovHistory of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)Soviet–Afghan WarWarsaw Pact invasion of CzechoslovakiaHungarian Revolution of 1956Soviet–Japanese border conflictsCold WarWorld War II

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Positions held during active service as a marshal, within the Red Army/Soviet Armed Forces, Communist Party, or non-CPSU governmental apparatus. Selected minor positions are hidden.
  2. ^ Years spent in active service as a marshal. Soviet marshals, with a few exceptions, typically held prominent positions—including full or candidate membership of the CPSU's Central Committee and Politburo/Presidium—without explicitly retiring. Interregna between the holding of such positions are not counted. Retirement for the purposes of counting years on this list are:
  3. ^ Includes lifespan; awards of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labour, and Order of Victory; major appointments before promotion to and after retirement as a marshal; and unusual career events such as demotion, removal from office, and purges by Communist Party leadership.
  4. ^ as Deputy Chairman, Council of People's Commissars (1940–1946)[3]
  5. ^ Arrested and stripped of rank, 22 May 1937; executed, 12 June 1937; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 31 January 1957.
  6. ^ Arrested and stripped of rank, February 1938; executed, 23 February 1939; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, March 1956.
  7. ^ Candidate member of the 17th Central Committee until promotion at the 12th Plenary Session (12 October 1937)[20]
  8. ^ Arrested, 22 October 1938; died in captivity, 9 November 1938; retroactively stripped of rank, March 1939; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 1956.
  9. ^ Stripped of rank and honours, 16 February 1942; dismissed as deputy people's commissar for defence and expelled from Central Committee, 19 February 1942; appointed as major general, 17 March 1942; promoted to lieutenant general, 15 April 1943; demoted to major general, 9 July 1945; arrested and stripped of rank, 11 January 1947; executed, 24 August 1950; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 28 September 1957.[26]
  10. ^ as First Deputy Minister of War (5–15 March 1953)[6]
  11. ^ Dismissed as minister of defence, 26 October 1957; terminated from active military service, 27 February 1958.[32]
  12. ^ as Minister of the Armed Forces (1949–1950)[39]
  13. ^ as Supreme Commander in Chief, Red Army (1941–1946)
  14. ^ as Chairman, Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946)[3]
  15. ^ as People's Commissar for Defence (1941–1946); People's Commissar for the Armed Forces (February–March 1946)[42]
  16. ^ Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, July 1960; recalled as marshal to command Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 13 August 1961; reappointed to Group of Inspectors General, April 1962.
  17. ^ as Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces (until February 1950)[39]
  18. ^ Candidate member of the 18th Politburo until promotion at the 8th Plenary Session (18 March 1946)[61]
  19. ^ Unofficial rank of Commissar General of State Security converted to Marshal of the Soviet Union, 9 July 1945; arrested and removed from all offices, 26 June 1953; stripped of rank, 18 December 1953; executed, 23 December 1953.
  20. ^ as First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces (1949–1950)[39]
  21. ^ as First Deputy Minister of War (1952–1953)[62]
  22. ^ as Minister of War (5–15 March 1953)[6]
  23. ^ Candidate member of the 17th Central Committee until promotion at the 12th Plenary Session (12 October 1937)[20]
  24. ^ Candidate member of the 18th Politburo until promotion by poll (18 February 1948)[61][67]
  25. ^ Resigned as premier, 27 March 1958; expelled from Presidium, 5 September 1958; stripped of rank, 20 November 1958; retired, 14 October 1961.
  26. ^ as First Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1964–1966)
  27. ^ Directly appointed as General of the Army, 29 April 1976; promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union, 30 July 1976.
  28. ^ as People's Commissar for Armaments (1941–1946); Minister of Armaments (1946–1953)[39]
  29. ^ Candidate member of the 23rd Central Committee until promotion at the 7th Plenary Session (9–10 April 1968)[77]
  30. ^ Candidate member of the 26th Central Committee until promotion at the 6th Plenary Session (14–15 June 1983)[78]
  31. ^ Candidate member of the 27th Central Committee until promotion at the 4th Plenary Session (26 June 1987)[79]

References

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  1. ^ "Birthday Anniversary of Kliment Ye. Voroshilov, Statesman and Military Figure, Marshal of the Soviet Union". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  2. ^ Spahr 1972, p. 55.
  3. ^ a b Huskey 1992, p. 25.
  4. ^ a b c "Приказ с объявлением Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о назначении К. Е. Ворошилова заместителем Председателя СНК СССР и председателем Комитета Обороны при СНК СССР, С. К. Тимошенко" [Announcement of Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the appointment of K.E. Voroshilov as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and S.K. Timoshenko as People's Commissar for Defence]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 8 May 1940. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  5. ^ Hollósi, Dániel József (2020). "The Economic Policy of the Hungarian Communist Party between 1945 and 1946". Studia. 36 (2): 57–58. doi:10.48261/PIS203604.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Из протокола совместного заседания пленума ЦК КПСС, Совета Министров СССР и Президиума Верховного Совета СССР" [From the minutes of the joint meeting of the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR (5 March 1953)]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Government of the Soviet Union. 5 March 1953. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
  7. ^ Manninen 2004, p. 111.
  8. ^ Karlsson 1988, p. 72.
  9. ^ a b c "Постановление ГКО № 83 сс «О назначении главнокомандующих войсками Северо-западного, Западного и Юго-Западного направлений и преобразовании Ставки Главного Командования в Ставку Верховного Командования»" [GKO Decree No. 83 "On the appointment of commander-in-chief of troops of the North-West, West and South-West directions and the transformation of the Headquarters of the Main Command into the Headquarters of the Supreme Command"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 10 July 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  10. ^ a b c Shukman 1997, pp. 318–319.
  11. ^ Frankel, Max (8 May 1960). "Voroshilov Quits as Chief of State; Brezhnev, Khrushchev Aide, Rising in Party Councils, Succeeds Marshal, 79". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d Tyushkevich 1978, p. 209.
  13. ^ a b "Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) «О первом заместителе народного комиссара обороны»" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 27 August 1942. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  14. ^ "Приказ о назначении Маршала Советского Союза Буденного С.М. командующим кавалерией Красной Армии и генерал-полковника Городовикова О.И. - его заместителем" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 057 "Order on the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M. Budenny as commander of the cavalry of the Red Army and Colonel General O.I. Gorodovikov as his deputy"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 25 January 1943. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Директива Ставки ВГК № 001863 главнокомандующим войсками Юго-Западного и Западного направлений, командующим войсками Резервного и Западного фронтов о назначениях высшего командного состава" [Stavka Headquarters Directive No. 001863 by the Commander-in-Chief of the South-West and Western Forces "On the appointment of senior command personnel for the Reserve and Western Fronts"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Stavka of the Supreme High Command. 11 September 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  16. ^ McGranahan, William (4 July 1978). "The Rise and Fall of Marshal Tukhachevsky". Parameters. 8 (1). USAWC Press: 63. doi:10.55540/0031-1723.1146. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  17. ^ McFadden, Christopher Paul (August 2006). "Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (1893–1937): Practitioner and Theorist of War" (PDF). Association of the United States Army. The Institute of Land Warfare. p. 6. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  18. ^ "Об утверждении Маршала Советского Союза т. Егорова А.И. первым заместителем Народного Комиссара Обороны СССР" [On approval of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.I. Yegorov as First Deputy People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. 10 May 1937. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  19. ^ "Приказ Народного Комиссара Обороны СССР, No. 0107" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 107 "On the reorganization of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army"] (in Russian). 28 June 1938. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016.
  20. ^ a b "Центральный Комитет, избранный XVII-м съездом ВКП(б) 10.2.1934, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on 10.2.1934, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  21. ^ Ziemke & Bauer 1987, pp. 7–8, 30.
  22. ^ Sadykiewicz (1987), p. 55; Shukman (1997), p. 247.
  23. ^ Sadykiewicz 1987, p. 55.
  24. ^ "Приказ об освобождении Г.К. Жукова от должности начальника Генерального Штаба и назначении на эту должность Б.М. Шапошникова" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 0270 "Order for the release of G.K. Zhukov from the post of Chief of the General Staff and the appointment of B.M. Shaposhnikov"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 10 August 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  25. ^ "Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о назначении руководителей Наркомата обороны, Западного направления и Западного фронта" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the appointment of the leaders of the People's Commissariat of Defence, the Western Region and the Western Front"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 19 July 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  26. ^ "Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о маршале Г. И. Кулике" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the Matter of Marshal G.I. Kulik"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 19 February 1942. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  27. ^ "Приказ о Кулике Г.И." [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 0041 "On the Matter of Marshal G.I. Kulik"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 2 March 1942. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  28. ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General G.K. Zhukov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 18 January 1943. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  29. ^ "Приказ главноначальствующего Советской военной администрации в Германии относительно организации военной администрации по управлению Советской зоной оккупации в Германии" [Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany regarding the organization of a military administration to manage the Soviet occupation zone in Germany]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Soviet Military Administration in Germany. 9 June 1945. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  30. ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О назначении заместителей Министра вооруженных сил СССР, Начальника Генерального Штаба, Главнокомандующих сухопутными войсками, военно-морскими, военно-воздушными силами и Начальника тыла вооруженных" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the appointment of deputies of the Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the Chief of the General Staff, the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Navy, and Air Force and the Chief of the Rear of the Armed Forces"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 March 1946. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
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  32. ^ "Протокол № 141 от 27 февраля. Приложение. Проект. Постановление Совета Министров СССР «Об увольнении в отставку и материальном обеспечении Маршала Советского Союза Жукова Г.К.»" [Decree No. 141 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the dismissal of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 27 February 1958. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
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  35. ^ "Постановление ГКО СССР № 7549с об освобождении А. М. Василевского от обязанностей начальника Генштаба Красной армии и назначении начальником Генштаба А. И. Антонова. Секретно" [GKO Decree No. 7549(c) "On the relief of A.M. Vasilevsky from the duties of the chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and the appointment of A.I. Antonov as chief of the General Staff]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 17 February 1945. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
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  38. ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О первом заместителе Министра вооруженных сил СССР и Начальнике Генерального штаба вооруженных сил СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 12 November 1948. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
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