The Sannine Formation, also called the Sannine Limestone, is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Lebanon.
Sannine Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: late Albian-Cenomanian ~ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Underlies | Maameltain Formation |
Overlies | Hammana Formation |
Thickness | Coastal: >2,000 m (6,600 ft) Mountains: 500–700 m (1,600–2,300 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Chalk, limestone |
Other | Marl |
Location | |
Coordinates | 34°06′N 35°42′E / 34.1°N 35.7°E |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 12°54′N 30°24′E / 12.9°N 30.4°E |
Region | Jabal Lubnan |
Country | Lebanon |
Type section | |
Named for | Mount Sannine |
Sannine Formation (Lebanon) |
It is primarily Cenomanian in age. The formation laterally varies from east to west; the western lowland "coastal" sequence is over 2000 metres thick and primarily consists of deep water limestone and chalk, while the eastern "mountain" sequence is 500–700 metres thick and consists of shallow water limestone.[1] Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, including those of Mimodactylus[2] and Microtuban.[3] The pythonomorphs Pontosaurus, Eupodophis and probably Aphanizocnemus are known from the formation.[4] Insects are also known from compression fossils, including those of a dragonfly,[5] enigmatic pond-skater like insect Chresmoda.[6] and a mesoblattinid cockroach.[7] Compression fossils of angiosperm Sapindopsis are also known.[8] Numerous species of fossil fish are known,[9] including Ionoscopid Spathiurus dorsalis[10] and pycnodontid Flagellipinna rhomboides.[11]
Fish reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
Armigatus | A. alticorpus | Namoura[12] and Hakel[13] | A clupeomorph[13][12] | |
A. brevissimus | Heckel and Hajula[13] | A clupeomorph[13] | ||
A. namourensis | Namoura[12] | A clupeomorph[13] | ||
Belonostomus | B. sp., B. sp. | Namoura[12] | 2 unnamed species awaiting better material[12] | |
Ctenodentelops | C. striatus | Namoura[12] | An elopid[12] | |
Cyclobatis | C. oligodactylus | Hjoula[14] | [15][14] | |
Enchodus | E. mecoanalis | Namoura[12] | ||
Flagellipinna | F. rhomboides | Haqel | A pycodontid[11] | |
Gigapteryx | G. lebanonensis | Namoura[12] | A euacanthopterygiian[12] | |
Gladiopycnodus | G. byrnei | Hajoula | [16] | |
Hensodon | H. spinosus | Hakel | A pycnodont[17] | |
Lebonichthys | L. namourensis | Namoura[12] | An albulid[12] | |
Paracentrus | P. lebanonensis | Namoura[12] | A holocentroid[12] | |
Pseudocorax | P. kindlimmani | Haqel | [18] | |
Scombroclupea | S. diminuta | Namoura[12] | A clupeiforme[12] | |
Serrilepis | S. prymnostrigos, S. minor | Namoura[12] | A halecid[12] | |
Spathiurus | S. dorsalis | Haqel | [10] | |
Tethymyxine | T. tapirostrum | Hâdjoula | One of the earliest known definitive fossil hagfish.[19] | |
Trewavasia | T. carinata | [17] | ||
Triplomystus | T. noorae, T. oligoscutatus | Namoura[12] | 2 species known from the same site, of the paraclupeid family.[12] | |
Ypsiloichthys | Y. sibelleae | Haqel[20] | A teleost. |
Amniotes reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
Aphanizocnemus | A. libanensis | Although the type locality is unknown, it is said to "almost certainly" originate from the Sannine Formation. | [4] | |
Enantiophoenix | E. electrophyla | Namoura | [21] | |
Eupodophis | E. descouensi | [4] | ||
Microtuban | M. altivolans | [3] | ||
Mimodactylus | M. libanensis | [2] | ||
Pontosaurus | P. kornhuberi | [4] | ||
Rhinochelys | R. nammourensis | Adult and multiple hatchling remains known, suggesting a nesting site was nearby.[22] | [22] |
Invertebrates reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
Allocrioceras | A. cf. annulatum | [18][23] | ||
Boreopeltis | B. smithi | Hâkel | [24] | |
Chresmoda | C. libanica | [6] | ||
Dorateuthis | D. syriaca | Sâhel Aalma | [24] | |
Keuppia | K. levante, K. hyperbolaris, K. sp. | Hâdjoula | 2 or 3 species known from the same locality[25] | |
Libanocordulia | L. debiei | Hjoula | A dragonfly[5] | |
Libanoliupanshania | L. mimi | Hjoula | A dragonfly[5] | |
Mantelliceras | M. mantelli | Haqel | "the occurrence of Mantelliceras mantelli is regarded doubtful, as this species has been used for various taxa within the family Acanthoceratidae de Grossouvre, 1894, and specimens have never been figured"[18][23] | |
Mieroblattina | M. pacis | Nammoura | [7] | |
Styletoctopus | S. annae | Hâqel | [25] |
Plants reported from the Sannine Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
Aryskumia | cf. A. zelkovifolia | Poorly reserved leaf with ovate blade | [26] | |
Nammouria | N. gracilis | Nammoura | [26] | |
Nammourophyllum | N. altingioides | Nammoura | [26] | |
Nupharanthus | N. cretacea | Nammoura | [26] | |
Parvileguminophyllum | P. sp. | Complete leaflet known from Nammoura | [26] | |
'Phragmites' | P. sp. | [26] | ||
Platycaryeae gen. et sp. indet. | Infructescence of bracteate fruits resembling Platycarya americana | [26] | ||
Pseudolarix | P. sp. | [26] | ||
Pseudotorellia | P. sp. | [26] | ||
Pteris | P. sp. | Nammoura | [26] | |
Sapindopsis | S. anhouryi | Nammoura | [26] | |
S. libanensis | Nammoura | [26] |
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)