BREAKING NEWS
Disdyakis triacontahedron

## Summary

Disdyakis triacontahedron

(rotating and 3D model)
Type Catalan
Conway notation mD or dbD
Coxeter diagram
Face polygon
scalene triangle
Faces 120
Edges 180
Vertices 62 = 12 + 20 + 30
Face configuration V4.6.10
Symmetry group Ih, H3, [5,3], (*532)
Rotation group I, [5,3]+, (532)
Dihedral angle 164° 53' 17''

arccos(-179-245/241)

Dual polyhedron
truncated
icosidodecahedron
Properties convex, face-transitive

net

In geometry, a disdyakis triacontahedron, hexakis icosahedron, decakis dodecahedron or kisrhombic triacontahedron[1] is a Catalan solid with 120 faces and the dual to the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron. As such it is face-uniform but with irregular face polygons. It slightly resembles an inflated rhombic triacontahedron: if one replaces each face of the rhombic triacontahedron with a single vertex and four triangles in a regular fashion, one ends up with a disdyakis triacontahedron. That is, the disdyakis triacontahedron is the Kleetope of the rhombic triacontahedron. It also has the most faces among the Archimedean and Catalan solids, with the snub dodecahedron, with 92 faces, in second place.

If the bipyramids, the gyroelongated bipyramids, and the trapezohedra are excluded, the disdyakis triacontahedron has the most faces of any other strictly convex polyhedron where every face of the polyhedron has the same shape.

Projected into a sphere, the edges of a disdyakis triacontahedron define 15 great circles. Buckminster Fuller used these 15 great circles, along with 10 and 6 others in two other polyhedra to define his 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron.

## Cartesian coordinates

The 62 vertices of the disdyakis triacontahedron fall in three sets:

• Twelve vertices are of the form ${\displaystyle \left(0,\pm 1,\pm \phi \right)}$  and its cyclic permutations, and they form a regular icosahedron among themselves.
• Twenty vertices are of the form ${\displaystyle \left(\pm 1,\pm 1,\pm 1\right)}$  or ${\displaystyle \left(0,\pm \phi ,\pm \phi ^{-1}\right)}$  and its cyclic permutations, that together form a regular dodecahedron.
• When the above 32 vertices are taken together, they form the vertices of a rhombic triacontahedron, whose 30 face centers are of the form ${\displaystyle \left(0,0,\pm \phi \right)}$  and ${\displaystyle \left(\pm {\frac {\phi ^{2}}{2}},\pm {\frac {\phi }{2}},\pm {\frac {1}{2}}\right)}$  and their cyclic permutations. If those 30 face centers are scaled outwards from the origin by a factor ${\displaystyle R=1+{\sqrt {\frac {123-76\phi +{\sqrt {171941-106264\phi }}}{334+16\phi }}}\approx 1.065091570621743}$ , yielding ${\displaystyle \left(0,0,\pm R\phi \right)}$  and ${\displaystyle \left(\pm {\frac {R\phi ^{2}}{2}},\pm {\frac {R\phi }{2}},\pm {\frac {R}{2}}\right)}$  then they and their cyclic permutations form the last 30 vertices of the disdyakis triacontahedron.

These hulls are visualized in the figure below:

## Faces

The faces of a disdyakis triacontahedron are scalene triangles. If ${\displaystyle \phi }$  is the golden ratio then their angles are equal to ${\displaystyle \arccos({\frac {-4\phi +7}{30}})\approx 88.991\,801\,907\,82^{\circ }}$ , ${\displaystyle \arccos({\frac {-4\phi +17}{20}})\approx 58.237\,919\,620\,89^{\circ }}$  and ${\displaystyle \arccos({\frac {5\phi +2}{12}})\approx 32.770\,278\,471\,29^{\circ }}$ .

## Symmetry

The edges of the polyhedron projected onto a sphere form 15 great circles, and represent all 15 mirror planes of reflective Ih icosahedral symmetry. Combining pairs of light and dark triangles define the fundamental domains of the nonreflective (I) icosahedral symmetry. The edges of a compound of five octahedra also represent the 10 mirror planes of icosahedral symmetry.

 Disdyakistriacontahedron Deltoidalhexecontahedron Rhombictriacontahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron Pyritohedron

## Orthogonal projections

The disdyakis triacontahedron has three types of vertices which can be centered in orthogonally projection:

Projectivesymmetry Image Dualimage [2] [6] [10]

## Uses

Big Chop puzzle

The disdyakis triacontahedron, as a regular dodecahedron with pentagons divided into 10 triangles each, is considered the "holy grail" for combination puzzles like the Rubik's cube. This unsolved problem, often called the "big chop" problem, currently has no satisfactory mechanism. It is the most significant unsolved problem in mechanical puzzles.[2]

This shape was used to make d120 dice using 3D printing.[3] Since 2016, the Dice Lab has used the disdyakis triacontahedron to mass market an injection moulded 120 sided die.[4] It is claimed that the d120 is the largest number of possible faces on a fair die, aside from infinite families (such as right regular prisms, bipyramids, and trapezohedra) that would be impractical in reality due to the tendency to roll for a long time.[5]

A disdyakis tricontahedron projected onto a sphere is used as the logo for Brilliant, a website containing series of lessons on STEM-related topics.[6]

## Related polyhedra and tilings

 Polyhedra similar to the disdyakis triacontahedron are duals to the Bowtie icosahedron and dodecahedron, containing extra pairs of triangular faces.[7]
Family of uniform icosahedral polyhedra
Symmetry: [5,3], (*532) [5,3]+, (532)

{5,3} t{5,3} r{5,3} t{3,5} {3,5} rr{5,3} tr{5,3} sr{5,3}
Duals to uniform polyhedra

V5.5.5 V3.10.10 V3.5.3.5 V5.6.6 V3.3.3.3.3 V3.4.5.4 V4.6.10 V3.3.3.3.5

It is topologically related to a polyhedra sequence defined by the face configuration V4.6.2n. This group is special for having all even number of edges per vertex and form bisecting planes through the polyhedra and infinite lines in the plane, and continuing into the hyperbolic plane for any n ≥ 7.

With an even number of faces at every vertex, these polyhedra and tilings can be shown by alternating two colors so all adjacent faces have different colors.

Each face on these domains also corresponds to the fundamental domain of a symmetry group with order 2,3,n mirrors at each triangle face vertex. This is *n32 in orbifold notation, and [n,3] in Coxeter notation.

*n32 symmetry mutation of omnitruncated tilings: 4.6.2n
Sym.
*n32
[n,3]
Spherical Euclid. Compact hyperb. Paraco. Noncompact hyperbolic
*232
[2,3]
*332
[3,3]
*432
[4,3]
*532
[5,3]
*632
[6,3]
*732
[7,3]
*832
[8,3]
*∞32
[∞,3]

[12i,3]

[9i,3]

[6i,3]

[3i,3]
Figures
Config. 4.6.4 4.6.6 4.6.8 4.6.10 4.6.12 4.6.14 4.6.16 4.6.∞ 4.6.24i 4.6.18i 4.6.12i 4.6.6i
Duals
Config. V4.6.4 V4.6.6 V4.6.8 V4.6.10 V4.6.12 V4.6.14 V4.6.16 V4.6.∞ V4.6.24i V4.6.18i V4.6.12i V4.6.6i

## References

1. ^ Conway, Symmetries of things, p.284
2. ^ Big Chop
3. ^ Kevin Cook's Dice Collector website: d120 3D printed from Shapeways artist SirisC
4. ^ The Dice Lab
5. ^ "This D120 is the Largest Mathematically Fair Die Possible | Nerdist". Archived from the original on 2016-05-03.
6. ^ "Brilliant | Learn to think". brilliant.org. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
7. ^ Symmetrohedra: Polyhedra from Symmetric Placement of Regular Polygons Archived 2017-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Craig S. Kaplan
• Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X. (Section 3-9)
• Wenninger, Magnus (1983), Dual Models, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511569371, ISBN 978-0-521-54325-5, MR 0730208 (The thirteen semiregular convex polyhedra and their duals, Page 25, Disdyakistriacontahedron)
• The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 [1] (Chapter 21, Naming the Archimedean and Catalan polyhedra and tilings, page 285, kisRhombic triacontahedron)