Antikythera Mechanism, a geared astronomical computer that calculates lunar and solar eclipses, the position of the Sun and the Moon the lunar phase (age of the moon), has several lunisolar calendars, including the Olympic Games calendar. It is at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece.[1]
1577–80 – Taqi al-Din invents a mechanical astronomical clock that measures time in seconds, one of the most important innovations in 16th-century practical astronomy, as previous clocks were not accurate enough to be used for astronomical purposes.[13]
1789 – William Herschel finishes a 49-inch (1.2 m) optical reflecting telescope, located in Slough, England
1798 – Real Observatorio de la Isla de Léon (actualmente Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada) (Spain)
1800sedit
1803 National Astronomical Observatory (Colombia), the first observatory in the Americas[15]
1836 Swathithirunal opened Trivandrum observatory
1839 Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (inventor of the daguerreotype photographic process) attempts to photograph the moon. Tracking errors in guiding the telescope during the long exposure made the photograph came out as an indistinct fuzzy spot
1883 – Andrew Ainslie Common uses the photographic dry plate process and a 36-inch (91 cm) reflecting telescope in his backyard to record 60 minute exposures of the Orion nebula that for the first time showed stars too faint to be seen by the human eye.[18]
1887 – Paris conference institutes Carte du Ciel project to map entire sky to 14th magnitude photographically
1996 – Keck 2 10-meter optical/infrared reflecting telescope begins operation, located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii
1997 – The Japanese HALCA satellite begins operations, producing first VLBI observations from space, 25,000 km maximum baseline
1998 – First light at VLT1, the 8.2 m ESO telescope
2000sedit
2001 – First light at the Keck Interferometer. Single-baseline operations begin in the near-infrared.
2001 – First light at VLTI interferometry array. Operations on the interferometer start with single-baseline near-infrared observations with the 103 m baseline.
2005 – First imaging with the VLTI using the AMBER optical aperture synthesis instrument and three VLT telescopes.
2005 – First light at SALT, the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, with a hexagonal primary mirror of 11.1 by 9.8 meters.
2007 – First light at Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC), in Spain, the largest optical telescope in the world with an effective diameter of 10.4 meters.
2021 — James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), was launched 25 December 2021 on an ESA Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana and will succeed the Hubble Space Telescope as NASA's flagship mission in astrophysics.
2023 — Euclid, was launched on 1 July 2023 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to study dark matter and energy.
2023 — XRISM was launched on 6 September 2023 on a H-IIA rocket to study the formation of the universe and the dark matter.
Public Telescope (PST), German project of astrofactum. Launch was planned for 2019,[20][21][22] but the project's website is now defunct and no updates have been provided on the fate of the effort.
Mid/late-2021 – Science first light of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is anticipated for 2021 with full science operations to begin a year later.[23][24][25]
^Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y.; Moussas, X.; Seiradakis, J. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; Bate, D.; Ramsey, A.; Allen, M.; Crawley, A.; Hockley, P.; Malzbender, T.; Gelb, D. (November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism". Nature. 444 (7119): 587–591. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998.
^King, David A. (2002), "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 33 (112): 237–255 [237–8], Bibcode:2002JHA....33..237K, doi:10.1177/002182860203300302, S2CID 125329755
^Kennedy, Edward S. (1962), "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis, 53 (2): 237–239, doi:10.1086/349558
^Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1985), "The Book of Bodies and Distances of Habash al-Hasib", Centaurus, 28 (2): 108–128 [112], Bibcode:1985Cent...28..108T, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1985.tb00831.x
^Ronan, Colin (1983). The Cambridge illustrated history of the world's science. p. 214.
^John Brian Harley; David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis (1992). The History of Cartography: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–9. ISBN 0-226-31635-1.
^Lorch, R. P. (1976), "The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum", Centaurus, 20 (1): 11–34, Bibcode:1976Cent...20...11L, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x
^"History of the sundial". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
^Jones, Lawrence (December 2005), "The Sundial And Geometry", North American Sundial Society, 12 (4)
^Pedersen, Olaf (2010). A Survey of the Almagest. Springer. pp. 20. ISBN 978-0387848259.
^ abTekeli, Sevim (1997). "Taqi al-Din". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-4066-3.
^A. Rupert Hall (1996). Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-521-56669-8.
^Keenan, Philip C. (February 1, 1991). "The Earliest National Observatories in Latin America". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 22 (1): 21–30. Bibcode:1991JHA....22...21K. doi:10.1177/002182869102200104. S2CID 117712616.
^Chronology of Science in the United States 1840–1849 (derived from Clark A. Elliott, History of Science in the United States: A Chronology and Research Guide – New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 34–177).
^ abSpectrometers, ASTROLab of Mont-Mégantic National Park
^J. B. Hearnshaw (1996-05-02). The Measurement of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Photometry. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-521-40393-1.
^Khosroshai, Habib (1 May 2018). "Linking a noble past to future challenges". Nature Astronomy. 2 (5): 429. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..429K. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0465-5.
^"Public Telescope: Erstes öffentliches Weltraumteleskop". astrofactum. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^Lossau, Norbert (27 July 2014). "Weltraumteleskop für jedermann". Welt (in German). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^Wiederer, Christian (February 2015). "The first public space telescope" (PDF). Popular Astronomy UK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^"Vera C. Rubin Observatory". AURA Astronomy. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
^Wu, Katherine J. "For the First Time, a National U.S. Observatory Has Been Named for a Female Astronomer: Vera Rubin". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
^"What Does the Future of Astronomy Hold? We'll Find Out Soon". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
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George Ochoa; Melinda Corey (1997). The Wilson Chronology of Science and Technology: A Record of Scientific Discovery and Technological Invention, from the Stone Age to the Information Age. New York : H.W. Wilson. ISBN 978-0-8242-0933-9.
Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (1996). Encyclopedia of History of Arabic Science: Astronomy- theoretical and applied. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2.