Disabled Canadian war veteran Claude Cludernay was ejected from the Greek-owned White City Café in Toronto for being drunk and disorderly and striking a waiter. Rumors of alleged mistreatment of a war veteran spread throughout the city, leading to rioting.[5]
The film comedy-drama Mickey, starring Mabel Normand and directed by F. Richard Jones, was released in August and became the highest-grossing movie of the year with $8 million in ticket sales worldwide.[7]
While on a mine-laying mission in the Heligoland Bight, Royal NavydestroyersHMS Ariel and HMS Vehement both struck mines. The Ariel sank with 49 of her 70 crew lost while the Vehement remained afloat despite an explosion killing 48 of her crew. Attempts were made to tow the crippled vessel back to shore but after its engines gave out, the destroyer was scuttled.[9]
Canadian World War I veterans led crowds estimated between 5,000 and 20,000 people to vandalize and loot Greek businesses in downtown Toronto against the perceived mistreatment of a disabled Canadian veteran the previous day at a Greek-owned restaurant. Because police resources were too small to deal with the size of the unrest, MayorThomas Langton Church invoked the Riot Act to allow the Canadian military authority to send militias into the city and regain order.[11]
Canadian militia clashed with rioters targeting Greek businesses in downtown Toronto, with an estimated 50,000 on both sides involved before the riot ended. Over 20 Greek restaurants were attacked, with damages estimated at more than $1,000,000 in 2010 values.[18]
Axeman of New Orleans – New Orleans resident Ed Schneider returned home late from work to find his pregnant wife had been attacked and bludgeoned. Remarkably, she survived the attack and gave birth two days later. New Orleans police began to make connections between two earlier attacks in the city, leading to suspect a serial killer.[29]
Second Battle of the Marne – French efforts to gain more territory from the Germans petered out, but the offensive had managed to shorten the Western Front by 28 miles (45 km).The Allies had taken 29,367 prisoners, 793 guns and 3,000 machine guns and inflicted 168,000 casualties on the Germans including 56,700 killed. Allied casualties were 95,165 killed or wounded for the French, 16,552 for the British, 12,000 for the Americans, and over 9,000 for the Italians. French commander Ferdinand Foch was made Marshal of France for his leadership of all Allied forces during the battle.[31]
The People's Army of Komuch attacked the north side of Kazan, Russia, forcing most of the city's Red Guards to move north and leave the south side of the city vulnerable. A Czechoslovak Legion force took advantage of this and attacked from the south, so by evening the entire city was nearly surrounded.[32]
The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 154 but it was disbanded within a month due to shortage of available aircraft. The squadron number was revived in 1941.[38]
Battle of Amiens – The British Fourth Army, supported by Canadian, Australian, and French troops along with about 500 tanks, pushed eight miles past the German front line. The Canadians and Australians captured 12,000 German soldiers, while the British took 13,000 and the French captured another 3,000 prisoners. In all, the Allies captured close to 30,000 Germans on the first day of battle, leading German GeneralErich Ludendorff to refer to it as "the black day of the German Army". It was the beginning of a string of almost continuous victories for the Canadians and Australians, known as the 'Hundred Days Offensive'.[40]
Born:Jim Moran, American entrepreneur, founder of the JM Family Enterprises, one of the leading car dealerships in the United States, in Chicago (d. 2007)
The British government officially recognized the Czechoslovak National Council “as the trustee of the future Czecho-Slovak Government”.[44]
Eight Italian Ansaldo biplanes of the 87 Squadriglia "Serenimissa", led by Gabriele D'Annunzio, flew over Vienna for 30 minutes without interference from Austro-Hungarian forces, taking photographs and dropping leaflets before returning to base without a single loss.[45]
German flying aceErich Loewenhardt died when his aircraft collided with another plane from Jagdstaffel 11. Both pilots had bailed out but Löwenhardt's parachute failed to open, causing him to plummet to his death. Hours earlier, he had achieved his 54th victory putting him third behind fellow pilots Manfred von Richthofen and Ernst Udet as Germany's greatest World War I aces.[51]
German flying aceRudolf Berthold collided with an enemy plane during a dogfight, forcing his Fokker plane to crash into a house. Berhold survived the crash with injuries, but was grounded from further missions.[52] His total of 44 kills made him the sixth-highest-scoring German ace of World War I.[53]
Axeman of New Orleans – Joseph Romano, an elderly resident in New Orleans, was attacked in his home and struck in the head with an axe. His nieces that lived with him surprised the attacker, who they described as a dark-skinned male dressed in a dark suit and slouched. Though Romano was able to walk to the ambulance, he died two days later from complications to his head injury. The murder and resulting news coverage created a public panic in New Orleans, however, a new set of murders would not occur until March 1919.[54]
Following its second bankruptcy, the Colorado Midland Railway ceased operations in what was the largest single American railroad abandonment to this date.[55]
British pilot Stuart Culley shot down German ZeppelinL 53 over the North Sea, the last airship to be destroyed in World War I. Culley had taken off in a Sopwith Camel from a barge towed behind the destroyer HMS Redoubt prior to engaging the airship, making it the first successful interception of an enemy aircraft by a shipborne fighter.[60]
Battle of Amiens – British forces gained another 19 km (12 mi) into German positions held since the Spring Offensive, ending most of the major fighting.[62]
Battle of San Matteo – Italian alpine troops launched a surprise attack on the San Matteo peak of Ortler mountain in the Alps that was held by Austro-Hungarian troops. Half of the Austro-Hungarian unit was captured while the rest retreated off the summit. At an altitude of 2,800 metres, it was the highest battle ever fought until a battle during the Kargil War in 1999 was fought at 5,600 metres.[65]
German submarine SM UB-30 was depth-charged and sunk in the North Sea with the loss of all 26 crew.[67]
American pilot Field Eugene Kindley shot down a Fokker fighter plane piloted by Lothar von Richthofen, the brother the late great German war ace Manfred von Richthofen, scoring his fourth victory. Richthofen was an ace in his own right with 40 confirmed air-to-air victories, but suffered serious wounds during the crash and never flew in combat again.[68]
French flying ace René Fonck shot down three German aircraft in ten seconds in a head-on attack, with all three crashing within 100 meters (328 feet) of one another near Roye, Somme, France.[69]
British war poet Wilfred Owen met his friend Siegfried Sassoon for the last time in London and spent what Sassoon later described as "the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together."[81]
A powerful tornado struck Tyler, Minnesota, killing 36 people and injuring over 100 others. It would be the fourth deadliest tornado in the state's history.[114][115]
Fighter pilot Frigyes Hefty of the Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops successfully parachuted from his burning plane after a dogfight with Italian aircraft, becoming the first person to survive a combat parachute jump.[117]
Australian flying ace Jerry Pentland of the No. 87 Squadron shot two German aircraft – a DFW two-seater and a Fokker fighter using a Sopwith Dolphin before being shot down himself and wounded in the foot. They were his last victories, but he emerged from World War I as Australia′s fifth-highest-scoring ace with 23 kills.[124]
Battle of Amiens – The Allies reported capturing 50,000 German troops and 500 guns since the start offensive nearly a month earlier. English war correspondent Philip Gibbs called the battle a turning point in the war on the Western Front, writing that "the change has been greater in the minds of men than in the taking of territory. On our side the army seems to be buoyed up with the enormous hope of getting on with this business quickly" and that, "there is a change also in the enemy's mind. They no longer have even a dim hope of victory on this western front. All they hope for now is to defend themselves long enough to gain peace by negotiation."[133]
Battle of Ambos Nogales – U.S. troops with the 35th Infantry Regiment skirmished against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisers at the border town of Nogales, Arizona. Twenty-eight American soldiers and several civilians were wounded and four soldiers and two civilians were killed in the fight. As well, between 28 and 30 Mexican soldiers, two German advisers, and around 100 Mexican civilians were killed, including Mayor Felix B. Peñaloza who attempted to quell the violence but was supposedly hit by a bullet from the Arizona side. Another 300 Mexican civilians were reported wounded. As German military officers were involved, it was considered the only battle of World War I fought on American soil.[135]
Battle of the Scarpe – Canadian forces captured a portion of the Fresnes-Rouvroy defence line in France at a cost of 254 officers and 5,547 troops. William Clark-Kennedy earned the Victoria Cross for leading an advance while seriously wounded. More than 3,300 German soldiers were taken prisoner, along with 53 guns and 519 machine guns.[137][138]
Battle of Baku – Ottoman troops attempted to overrun a key Allied position but were driven back, although the undermanned force had to retreat further into Baku, Azerbaijan.[79]
Battle of Baku – Ottoman troops captured key defensive positions around Baku, Azerbaijan but heavy losses slowed plans to take the city itself, allowing the defending Allies time to regroup.[79]
Born:Anthony Crosland, British politician, cabinet minister for the Harold Wilson and James Callaghan administrations, in St Leonards-on-Sea, England (d. 1977), John Herivel, British historian and code-breaker, member of the code-breaking team at Bletchley Park during World War II, author of Herivelismus and the German Military Enigma, in Belfast (d. 2011); Brian Stonehouse, English artist and spy, member of the Special Operations Executive during World War II, and noted portrait painter of the Royal family, in Torquay, England (d. 1998)
As the Red Terror ramped up, Cheka agents stormed the British embassy in Petrograd, suspecting counterrevolutionary organizations were using resources within it. In the ensuing raid, British naval officer Francis Cromie was shot and killed by Cheka agents and another 40 were arrested on suspicion of collaborating with counterrevolutionaries. The British government shut down the embassy days later and ordered the diplomatic staff to Finland.[154]
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