Voiced_palatal_plosive Knowpia

Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive
Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive
ɟ̟
d̠ʲ

Voiced palatal plosive
Voiced palatal plosive
ɟ
IPA number	108
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɟ
Unicode (hex)	U+025F
X-SAMPA	J\
Braille
Image

The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\.

If the distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed ⟨ɟ̟⟩, ⟨ɟ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɟ⟩) or ⟨d̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨d⟩), but they are essentially equivalent since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_+ and d_-' or d_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0221 ȡ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL; ⟨ȡ⟩ ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) that is used especially in Sinological circles.

[ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ] because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge.^[1] It is also common for the symbol ⟨ɟ⟩ to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive.

There is also the voiced post-palatal plosive^[2] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as ⟨ɟ̠⟩, ⟨ɟ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɟ⟩), ⟨ɡ̟⟩ or ⟨ɡ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɡ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_- and g_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive (⟨ɡʲ⟩ in the IPA, g' or g_j in X-SAMPA).

Features

Features of the voiced palatal stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound closer to the velar [ɡ].
- Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian^[3]		gjuha	[ˈɟuha]	'tongue'	Merged with [d͡ʒ] in Gheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian.^[4]
Arabic	Some Northern Yemeni dialects^[5]	جمل	[ˈɟamal]	'camel'	Corresponds to [d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ ɡ ~ j] in other varieties. See Arabic phonology
	Some Sudanese speakers^[5]
	Upper Egypt^[5]
Aramaic	some Urmian & Koine speakers	ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ	[ɟoːrɑ]	'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person	Corresponds to /ɡ/ or /d͡ʒ/ in other dialects.
Aramaic	some Northern speakers	ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ	[ɟaʊrɑ]	'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person	Corresponds to /ɡ/ or /d͡ʒ/ in other dialects.
Azerbaijani		گۆنش/günəş	[ɟyˈnæʃ]	'sun'
Basque		anddere	[äɲɟe̞ɾe̞]	'doll'
Breton	Gwenedeg	gwenn	[ɟɥɛ̃n]	'white'	Realization of /g/ before front vowels.
Bulgarian		гьол	[ɟoɫ]	'swamp'	Palatalized [g] in Standard Bulgarian, may also be realized as [gj] by some speakers. See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan	Majorcan^[6]^[7]	guix	[ˈɟi̞ɕ]	'chalk'	Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Corsican		fighjulà	[viɟɟuˈla]	'to watch'
Czech		dělám	[ˈɟ̟ɛlaːm]	'I do'	Alveolo-palatal.^[8] See Czech phonology
Dinka		jir	[ɟir]	'blunt'
Ega^[9]		[ɟé]		'become numerous'
Friulian		gjat	[ɟat]	'cat'
Ganda		jjajja	[ɟːaɟːa]	'grandfather'
Hungarian^[10]		gyám	[ɟäːm]	'guardian'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish		Gaeilge	[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]	'Irish language'	See Irish phonology
Latvian		ģimene	[ˈɟime̞ne̞]	'family'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian		раѓање	[ˈraɟaɲɛ]	'birth'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay	Kelantan-Pattani	تراجڠ/terajang	[tə.ɣa.ɟɛ̃ː]	'kick'	See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Munji		ڱب	[ɟɪb]	'lost'
Norwegian	Central^[11]	fadder	[fɑɟːeɾ]	'godparent'	See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Northern^[11]	fadder	[fɑɟːeɾ]	'godparent'	See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Auvergnat	diguèt	[ɟiˈɡɛ]	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	See Occitan phonology
Occitan	Limousin	dissèt	[ɟiˈʃɛ]	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	See Occitan phonology
Pitjantjatjara		Pitjantjatjara	[ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa]		See Pitjantjatjara dialect
Portuguese	Some Brazilian speakers	pedinte	[piˈɟ̟ĩc̟i̥]	'beggar'	Corresponds to affricate allophone of /d/ before /i/ that is common in Brazil.^[12] See Portuguese phonology
Sicilian		travagghju	[ʈɽɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠] or [ʈ͡ʂɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠]	'job, task'
Slovak		ďaleký	[ˈɟ̟äɫe̞kiː]	'far'	Alveolo-palatal.^[13]^[14] See Slovak phonology
Turkish		güneş	[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]	'sun'	See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese	North-central dialect	da	[ɟa˧]	'skin'	See Vietnamese phonology
Wu	Taizhou dialect	共/gion⁶	[ɟyoŋ]	'together'

Post-palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan^[15]		guix	[ˈɡ̟i̞ɕ]	'chalk'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.^[15] See Catalan phonology
English^[16]^[17]		geese	[ɡ̟iːs]^ⓘ	'geese'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and /j/.^[16]^[17] See English phonology
Greek^[18]		μετάγγιση/metággisi	[me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i]	'transfusion'	Post-palatal.^[18] See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Standard^[19]	ghianda	[ˈɡ̟jän̪ːd̪ä]	'acorn'	Post-palatal; allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, ɛ, j/.^[19] See Italian phonology
Portuguese		amiguinho	[ɐmiˈɡ̟ĩɲu]	'little buddy'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian^[20]		ghimpe	[ˈɡ̟impe̞]	'thorn'	Both an allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, j/ and the phonetic realization of /ɡʲ/.^[20] See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[21]	герб/gerb	[ɡ̟e̞rp]	'coat of arms'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡʲ⟩. See Russian phonology
Spanish^[22]		guía	[ˈɡ̟i.ä]	'guidebook'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.^[22] See Spanish phonology
Yanyuwa^[23]		[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]		'sacred'	Post-palatal.^[23] Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions.

Notes

^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 162.
^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
^ Kolgjini (2004).
^ ^a ^b ^c Watson (2002), p. 16.
^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
^ Recasens (2013), pp. 11–13.
^ Skarnitzl, Radek; Bartošová, Petra. "Výzkum lingvální artikulace pomocí elektropalatografie na příkladu českých palatálních exploziv" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2021.
^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
^ ^a ^b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
^ "Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 104.
^ ^a ^b Rafel (1999), p. 14.
^ ^a ^b Cruttenden (2014), p. 181.
^ ^a ^b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
^ ^a ^b Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
^ ^a ^b Canepari (1992), p. 62.
^ ^a ^b Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
^ ^a ^b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.
^ ^a ^b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

References

Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria [Pronunciation of Spanish: spoken and literary language] (in Spanish), Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836
Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 978-88-08-24624-0
Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878 (inactive 1 November 2024), S2CID 14140079{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian Nynorsk), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links

List of languages with [ɟ] on PHOIBLE

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005162-1] Ladefoged (2005), p. 162.

[2] Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".

[FOOTNOTENewmarkHubbardPrifti198210-3] Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.

[FOOTNOTEKolgjini2004-4] Kolgjini (2004).

[FOOTNOTEWatson200216-5] Watson (2002), p. 16.

[FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051-6] Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.

[FOOTNOTERecasens201311–13-7] Recasens (2013), pp. 11–13.

[8] Skarnitzl, Radek; Bartošová, Petra. "Výzkum lingvální artikulace pomocí elektropalatografie na příkladu českých palatálních exploziv" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2021.

[FOOTNOTEConnellAhouaGibbon2002100-9] Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005164-10] Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.

[FOOTNOTESkjekkeland1997105–107-11] Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.

[12] "Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.

[FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-13] Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.

[FOOTNOTEPavlík2004104-14] Pavlík (2004), pp. 104.

[FOOTNOTERafel199914-15] Rafel (1999), p. 14.

[FOOTNOTECruttenden2014181-16] Cruttenden (2014), p. 181.

[FOOTNOTEMannellCoxHarrington2009-17] Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).

[FOOTNOTEArvaniti200720-18] Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.

[FOOTNOTECanepari199262-19] Canepari (1992), p. 62.

[FOOTNOTESarlin201417-20] Sarlin (2014), p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-21] Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.

[FOOTNOTECanelladaMadsen198720-22] Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.

[FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson199634–35-23] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

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Summary