Timeline of Solar System exploration

Summary

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

  • All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
  • A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.[vague]
Charted timeline of Solar System exploration, as of December 2014

It does not include:

  • Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
  • The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
  • Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
  • Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

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Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Sputnik 1 4 October 1957 First Earth orbiter [1][2]
  Sputnik 2 3 November 1957 Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika [2][3][4]
  Explorer 1 1 February 1958 Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts [5]
  Vanguard 1 17 March 1958 Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit [6]
  Luna 1 2 January 1959 First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit. [7][8][9][10]
  Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Lunar flyby [11][12]
  Luna 2 12 September 1959 First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon [10][13]
  Luna 3 4 October 1959 Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon [10][14]

1960s

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Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter
 
Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby
 
Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby
 
Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander
 
Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon
 
Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter
 
Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing

1970s

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Mars 3 – First Mars lander
 
Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby
 
Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby
 
Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby

1980s

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Giotto – Comet Halley flyby
 
Galileo – Mission to Jupiter

1990s

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Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and the first successful Mars rover, Sojourner
 
Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander

2000s

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Mars Express/Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA
 
MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter
 
Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater

2010s

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Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover
 
Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter
 
Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter

2020s

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NASA's Perseverance rover

Planned or scheduled

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See also

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References

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  • NASA Lunar and Planetary Science
  • NASA Solar System Strategic Exploration Plans
  • Soviet Lunar, Martian, Venusian and Terrestrial Space Image Catalog