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Folk costume

Summary

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Folk costume, traditional dress, traditional attire or folk attire, is clothing of an ethnic group, nation or region, and expresses cultural, religious or national identity. An ethnic group's clothing may also be called ethnic clothing or ethnic dress. Traditional clothing includes everyday and formal wear. The word "costume" in this context is sometimes considered pejorative, as the word has more than one meaning, and thus "clothing", "dress", "attire" or "regalia" can be substituted without offense.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

From top, left to right: Filipinos (Igorot), Kenyans, Ukrainians and Peruvians dressed in traditional garments

Following the rise of romantic nationalism^[5] in parts of Europe, pre-industrial peasantry came to serve as ideals for genuinity and desirability. Garments evoking peasant dress were made from traditional pre-industrial textiles.

In regions where Western dress styles are common, traditional garments are often worn during special events or celebrations. International events may cater to non-Western attendees with a compound dress code such as "business suit or national dress".

In some contemporary societies, traditional garments are required by sumptuary laws. For example, in Bhutan the driglam namzha mandates what citizens should wear in public spaces.^[6] Bhutanese citizens must wear the traditional clothing of the Ngalop people, including a gho and kera for men and a kira and wonju for women,^[7] including for official business, schools and institutions, and official occasions and assemblies.^[8] These restrictions apply when people are in or near "monastic fortresses (dzong), monasteries (gompa) and temples (lhakhang), and government buildings. Karin Altmann, a textile art scholar, describes the intent behind this law "to prevent specific features of Bhutanese culture from disappearing," and "to emphasize national identity",^[8] but it has contributed to conflict due to the ethnic and cultural diversity of Bhutan.^[9]

Africa

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Central Africa

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Cameroon^[10]^[11] – pagne, kabba, head tie (female), toghu, boubou, kwa, gandura (male); dress is highly dependent on region and ethnicity.
Central African Republic – Pagne, boubou
Chad – Boubou, jalabiya, pagne
Democratic Republic of the Congo – Pagne, Liputa style of dress, kuba cloth
Equatorial Guinea – Pano
Gabon – Pagne, boubou, Abacost suit^[12]
Republic of the Congo – Pagne, boubou
São Tomé and Príncipe – Pano, boubou

Eastern Africa

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Burundi – Imvutano
Comoros^[13] – Lesso, shiromani, salouva, bwibwi (female), kandu, kofia (male)
Djibouti – Macawiis (male), Koofiyad (male), Dirac (female), Garbasaar (female); the Afar people have their style of traditional clothing.
Eritrea – Kidan Habesha (male), zuria or Habesha kemis (female)
Ethiopia – Ethiopian suit or Kidan Habesha (male), Habesha kemis (female); each ethnic group has a traditional style of dress.
Kenya – There is no national costume, per se, but leso (kanga) is worn throughout Kenya;^[14] kikoi, similar to kanga fabric, is also widespread. All tribes have their respective traditional garments, though; for example, the Maasai wear their traditional shuka and beadwork^[14]
Madagascar – Lamba
Mauritius and Réunion – Sega dress
Rwanda – Mushanana
Seychelles – Kanmtole dress
Somalia – Kanzu or Khamiis, Macawiis (male), Kitenge, Koofiyad (male), Dirac (female), Guntiino (female), Garbasaar (female)
Sudan – Jalabiyyah, Taqiyyah, and Turban (male), Toob, a cotton women's dress (female)
Tanzania – kanzu and kofia (male), kanga (female);^[14] varies by tribe
Uganda – Kanzu and Kofia (male), Gomesi (female), Mushanana (Female - South Western Uganda)

Northern Africa

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Algeria – Burnous, ghlila, caftan, gandoura, haik, jellaba, m'laya, and sarouel
- Northern Algeria – Karakou (Algiers); labsa Naïlia (Ouled Naïl); labsa M'zabia (Mozabite people)
  - Northeast – Gandoura Annabiya (Annaba); qashabiya, melhfa chaouïa (Chaoui people); labsa Kbaylia (Kabyle people); binouar Staifi (Sétif)
  - Northwest – Blouza (Oran); chedda of Tlemcen
- Southern Algeria – Tagelmust, akhebay (Tuareg people)
- Western Algeria – El-melhfa Sahraoui (Sahrawis)
Egypt – Galabeya
Libya – Jellabiya, farmla (embroidered vest), fouta
Morocco – Djellaba, fez, and balgha (male), takchita (female)
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic – Darra'a (male), el-melhfa Sahraoui (female)
Tunisia – Jebba, chechia, fouta

Southern Africa

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Angola – Pano
Botswana – leteisi and Tshega
Lesotho – Shweshwe clothing and basotho blankets, Mokorotlo
Malawi – Chitenje
Mozambique – Capulana^[15]
Namibia^[15] – Herero traditional clothing, like the ohorokova dress and the otjikaiva hat^[16]
South Africa –
- Xhosa^[15] – Umbhaco (men and women); faskoti, inxili (sling bag), ncebetha, iqhiya, ibhayi (women); ingqosha, isidanga, unngqa (men)
- Zulu^[15] – Isicholo, isidwaba, umutsha, ibheshu
- Sotho – Shweshwe, basotho blankets, Mokorotlo
- Afrikaners and Rooineks – slouch hat, safari shirt, veldskoen, knee-high socks, khaki Bermuda shorts or trousers.
Zambia – Chitenje
Zimbabwe – ibhetshu, isidwaba, isicholo, Chitenje

Western Africa

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Benin – Dashiki suit and Fila gobi, Abeti Aja, Kufi(male), Iro ati Buba, Wrapper set (female)
Burkina Faso – Batakari (male), Kaftan (female)
Cape Verde – Pano de terra
Côte d'Ivoire – Kente cloth (male), Kente kaba and slit set (female)
Gambia – Boubou (male), Kaftan (female)
Ghana – Kente cloth or Ghanaian smock (called fugu or batakari)^[17] and kufi (male), Kente kaba and slit set (female), agbada (male)
Guinea – Boubou (male), Kaftan (female)
Guinea-Bissau – Ethnic clothes of Guinea-Bissau; for example: Fula: Boubou (male), Kaftan (female)
Liberia – Dashiki suit and Kufi (male), Buba and skirt set (female)
Mali – Grand boubou and Kufi (male), Kaftan (female), bogolan^[17]
Mauritania – Darra'a (male), Melhfa (female)
Niger – Souban cloth, Melhfa, Babban riga, Tagelmust, Alasho (male), Kaftan (female)
Nigeria – Agbada, Dashiki or Isiagu and Fila gobi, Fila Abeti Aja (male), Iro ati Buba, Wrapper (clothing) (female); every ethnic group has their style of traditional dress, worn mostly for special occasions such as weddings and national holidays
Senegal – Senegalese kaftan and Kufi (male), Kaftan (female)
Togo – Batakari, Agbada or Ewe kente cloth (male), Pagne or kente kaba (female)

Americas

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Central America and Caribbean Islands

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Antigua and Barbuda – plaid dress, with white pinafore for women, designed by Heather Doram
Bahamas – None, unofficially Androsia-cloth clothing. Junkanoo costumes can be considered folk costume but fall more into the sector of carnival dress than traditional garment.
Belize
- Mestizos – Huipil (female), Guayabera (male)
- Mayas – All tribes wear distinct kinds of Mayan dress.
Cuba – Guayabera, panama hat (male), guarachera^[18] (female)
Dominican Republic – Chacabana, panama hat
Dominica – Madras
Guatemala – Huipil, Corte skirt, Tocado (female), Todosantero suit (male)
Haiti – Karabela dress (female), Shirt jacket (male)
Jamaica – Bandanna cloth Quadrille dress (female), Bandanna cloth shirt and white trousers (male), Jamaican Tam
Mexico – Charro outfit, Guayabera, Sarape, Sombrero (male), Rebozo, China Poblana dress (female); every state has a typical folk dress, for example:
- Chiapas – Chiapaneca
- El Norte – cowboy hats, cowboy boots, bandanna; indigenous communities, like the Yaqui, Seri and Rarámuri, conserve traditional apparel.
- Oaxaca – Tehuana
- Querétaro, Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí – Quechquemitl
- Tamaulipas – Cuera tamaulipeca
- Veracruz – Guayabera
- Yucatán – Guayabera (male), Huipil (female)
Nicaragua – Huipil, Rebozo (female), Cotona (male)
Panama – Pollera (female), Montuno (male)
Puerto Rico – Guayabera, panama hat (male), enaguas^[18] (female)
St. Lucia – Madras
Trinidad and Tobago – Tobago has an Afro-Tobagonian Creole culture with the Bélé costumes as their typical garment, commonly made of madras. Trinidad, however, has no defined national garment; the two major ethnic groups in the island wear the following during cultural occasions:
- Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians – Guayabera or Dashiki (male), Booboo (female)
- Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians – Kurta, Dhoti, Sherwani (male), Sari, Choli, Lehenga (female)

Northern America

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Bermuda – Bermuda shorts
Canada – Each region has its own traditional costume:
- Lumberjacks of Quebec and Ontario – Traditional logging wear includes mackinaw jackets or flannel shirts, with headgear being a tuque or trapper hat; a good example is seen with folk characters like Big Joe Mufferaw. Many stereotypes that foreigners (non-Canadians) have regarding Canadian folk costume (as well as other customs) actually come from Quebec and Ontario.
- Maritimes – Acadians wear their traditional heritage clothing on special occasions like the Tintamarre. The Scottish background in Nova Scotia has brought the Nova Scotia tartan as folk wear in the form of kilts, aboyne dresses and trews for Scottish highland dance competitions.
- Newfoundland – Traditional mummers dress in masks and baggy clothes in Christmas season celebrations; the Cornish influence has also brought yellow oilskins and sou'westers as typical wear in coastal areas.
- Nunavut and other Inuit communities – Parka, mukluks, amauti
- Prairies – Cowboy costume is common on events such as the Calgary Stampede; often worn with Calgary White Hats.
- Quebec and French Canadians – Ceinture fléchée, Capote, tuque
- Métis – Ceinture fléchée, Capote, Moccasins
- First Nations – button blanket, buckskins, moccasins, Chilkat blanket, Cowichan sweater, war bonnet. Many communities prefer the word "Regalia" to denote their folk dress.
United States – Each region has its own traditional costume.
- Alaska – Kuspuks, worn with dark pants and mukluks, as well as parkas are traditional native wear.
- Hawaii – See the Oceania section, below
- American Southwest, Texas and rural areas in the Midwestern and Western US – Cowboy costume, derived from original Mexican vaquero and American pioneer garb is traditional dress in Texas, the Southwestern US, and many rural communities, including cowboy hats, Western shirts, cowboy boots, jeans, chaps, prairie skirts, and bolo ties. Many stereotypes that foreigners (non-Americans) have regarding American folk costume actually come from this region.
  - Utah – Mormons may dress in 19th-century pioneer clothing for Mormon trek-related activities and events.
- American Upper Midwest, Pacific Northwest, the northern portions of the Great Lakes Basin and northern New England (especially Maine) – Due to the cold weather, the garb in rural areas tends to more closely adhere to heavier materials, such as flannel shirts or Buffalo plaid mackinaw jackets, and a knit cap or, in the case of the Upper Peninsula, a Stormy Kromer cap. A good example is seen in the typical attire of Paul Bunyan, a folk hero popular in areas where logging was a common occupation, as well as lumberjacks working in the area. Due to the cold climate very similar to that of neighboring Canada, the style of clothing worn in the region is generally associated more with Canada than with the United States by foreigners (non-Americans).
- The Amish (mostly found in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana) follow a style of plain dress.
- Deep South – Traditional Southern US wear includes white seersucker suits and string ties for men, and sun hats and large Southern belle-style dresses for women.
  - Louisiana – The Cajun people of Louisiana traditionally wear the colorful capuchon for Mardi Gras celebrations. Creole women used to historically wear the tignon, mostly in plain or madras fabrics, but it is now sometimes worn for heritage events or cultural reasons.
  - South Carolina and Georgia – Gullah communities in the South Carolina Lowcountry and Sea Islands preserve the traditional African-style clothing and culture.
- Nantucket – Summer residents of Nantucket will often wear Nantucket Reds.
- Various styles of Native American clothing; for example, traditional pow-wow regalia for Plains Indians: Moccasins, buckskins, glass beads, breech clouts, and war bonnets or roaches.

Southern America

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Argentina – Gaucho costume; every province has a specific design of poncho, with the poncho salteño being the most recognized.
Bolivia – Poncho, Chullo, Andean pollera
Brazil – Each region has its own traditional costume.
- Bahia – Baiana and Abadá
- Samba costumes for Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian carnival costumes are used only during the four days of Carnival by Samba schools members. Outside of Carnival, the most traditional men's clothing is that of the malandro carioca (carioca rascal) or sambista, a stereotype of the samba singer, with white pants, a striped shirt, white jacket, and a straw hat. Many stereotypes that foreigners have regarding Brazilian folk costume (as well as other customs) actually come from the state of Rio de Janeiro.
- Caipiras (Brazilian country folk) in São Paulo, Goiás and other nearby states conserve traditional folk styles of clothing, imitated by participants of festa juninas.
- Gaúcho costumes for Rio Grande Do Sul.
- Pará – typical clothing of Carimbó, a popular dance from the northern region of Brazil.
- Indigenous clothes for many states within the Amazônia Legal area. In this region, there is an extensive indigenous community with different ethnicities, and each of them has their own typical clothes.
  - An example (among several) is the kushma used by the Asháninka.
- Northeastern sertão (desert) – Cangaceiro clothing
Chile – Huaso costume: Chamanto, Chupalla, Poncho
Colombia – Sombrero Vueltiao, ruana, white shirt, trousers and alpargatas (male), blouse, Cumbia pollera, Sombrero vueltiao and alpargatas (female); every region has a distinct costume.
Ecuador – Poncho, Panama hat
Guyana – Guyana is unique among South American nations to not have a designated style of national dress. Every ethnic group wears their cultural clothing during important events or occasions:
- Afro-Guyanese – Dashiki or Shirt jacket (male), Booboo (female)
- Indo-Guyanese – Kurta, Sherwani, Churidar (male), Sari, Lehenga (female)
- Every indigenous tribe wears their tribal clothes during culture events or important occasions.
Paraguay – Ao po'i
Peru – Chullo, Poncho, Andean pollera
Suriname – Kotomisse, Pangi cloth
Uruguay – Gaucho costume
Venezuela – Llanero costume (Liqui liqui and pelo e' guama hat; men), Joropo dress and pelo e' guama hat (women)

Asia

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Central Asia

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Tajikistan – Chapan, tubeteika, turban, paranja
Kazakhstan^[19] – Shapan, zhargak, zhegde, kalpak, jargaq shapa (male), saukele, kimeshek, koylek (female), shalbar, kupe (male and female)
Kyrgyzstan^[19] – Chapan, terishym (salwar), kalpak (male), saukele, beldemchi, koylek, elechek (female), koinok (male and female)
Turkmenistan – Chapan
Uzbekistan – Khalat, tubeteika, chapan, turban, paranja
Xinjiang, China – Uyghurs, Tatars and other Turkic people: Tubeteika, khalat, chapan
Tibet, China – Chuba

Sinosphere

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China proper – transethnically Mao suit (men) and Qipao (women)
- Han Chinese – Hanfu (shenyi, ruqun, shanku), also Manchu-inspired clothing (tangzhuang, qipao, changshan).^[20]
- Taiwanese indigenous peoples – traditional garments such as the ibibogo (men's daily jacket) and dalabu (women's daily top) (Rukai),^[21] the pearl-adorned shirts and skirts of the Tayal,^[22] and the hundred-pace viper design of the Bunun.^[23]
Japan – Wafuku: kimono, junihitoe, sokutai
- Fukuoka Prefecture – Mizu happi and shime-komi
- Hokkaido – Ainu clothing, such as a tepa, a sacred belt called raun kut or upsoro kut, a konci (hood), hos (leggings), and grass skin jackets like tetarabe and utarbe; ceremonial garments include a sapanpe and a matanpushi
- Ryukyu – Ryusou
  - Okinawa – Kariyushi shirt
Korea – Hanbok (South Korea) or chosŏn-ot (North Korea)

North Asia

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Russia (Urals, Siberian Federal District, and Far Eastern Siberia) – Clothing of Siberian nationalities (Buryats, Yakuts, Altai people, amongst others)
- Buryatia and Tuva – Deel
- Altai Republic — ton (fur coat), sürü börük (cap), kaptal (overcoat), and the chegedek (Altai-Kizhi) or chedek (Telengits), a sleeveless cloak historically the daily and ceremonial wear of married women, now worn only as bridal attire or during festive occasions^[24]
Mongolia (both outer and inner) – Deel
Manchuria (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces, China) – Qizhuang (changshan, magua)

South Asia

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Afghanistan^[25] – Pashtun dress: pakul, lungee, chapan (khalat), shalwar kameez (male), and firaq partug, burqa, chador, niqab (female)
Bangladesh^[26] – Sherwani, kurta (panjabi), lungi, fotua, gamcha (male), and shari, long skirt, mexi,^[27] selwar kamiz, orna, kurtee (female)
Bhutan^[25] – Ngalop people: Gho, kera, toego, kabney (male) and kira, wonju, rachus (female)
India^[28]^[29] – Achkan, sherwani, dhoti, phiran, kurta, turban (male) and shalwar kameez, sari, patiala salwar, lehenga, choli, pathin, mundum neriyatum (Malayali people of Kerala), Veshti (traditional dress of Tamils), dupatta (female), churidar (men and women); traditional dress of the Monpa people
Maldives^[25] – Dhivehi libaas, feyli, buruga (women) and Dhivehi mundu (men)
Nepal^[25] – Daura-Suruwal and Dhaka topi, (male) and Gunyou Cholo (female); traditional Newar, Sunuwar, Rai, Limbu (bakku, chuwa) clothing
Pakistan^[28] – Peshawari turban, shalwar kameez, churidar (male), shalwar kameez, dupatta, sari (sari not worn as often as shalwar kameeez) (female), pagri (men and women)
Sri Lanka^[25] – Lama Sariya, Kandyan saree (Sinhalese), Nivi draped saree (female) and jathika anduma, mul anduma, kavaniya (male)

Southeast Asia

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Brunei – Baju Melayu, Songkok (male), Baju Kurung, Tudung (female)
Cambodia^[30] – Sampot, Apsara, Sabai, Krama, Chang kben
East Timor^[30] – Tais mane, tais feto
Indonesia^[30] – There are numerous national and regional clothing in Indonesia due to the diversity of cultures that make up the island nation; they include:
- Batak tribe – Ulos (tenun fabric)
- Javanese people – Beskap, Batik, Blangkon, Songkok, Sarong (male), Kebaya, Tudung, Sarong (female).
- Malay people – Baju Melayu, Baju Kurung, Songket
- Papua – Koteka
Laos – xout lao, suea pat, pha hang, pha biang, sinh
Malaysia – Baju Melayu and Songkok (male), Baju Kurung, Baju Kebarung (Kebaya/Kurung hybrid), Tudung (female); every state has its style of baju including a special baju for the Federal Territories.
Myanmar^[30] – Longyi, gaung baung, taipon (male), thummy, eingyi (female)
Philippines – Barong tagalog (male) and Baro't saya; Maria Clara gown, Terno (female), Malong, Patadyong, Tapis, Salakot
Singapore –
- Chinese Singaporeans – Hanfu, Cheongsam (female), Tangzhuang, Changshan (male)
- Indian Singaporeans – Sari (Female), Dhoti (Male), Kurta
- Malay Singaporeans – Baju Melayu (Male), Baju Kurung (female), Sarong
- Peranakans – Kebaya (female), Baju Lokchuan (male)
Thailand – Chut thai: Thai Chakkri (female), Suea Phraratchathan (male), Chong kraben, and Sabai
Vietnam^[30] – Vietnamese clothing: Áo giao lĩnh, Áo trực lĩnh^(vi), Áo viên lĩnh, Áo đối khâm, Áo tứ thân, Áo ngũ thân^(vi), Áo yếm, Áo nhật bình, Áo gấm, Áo tấc^(vi), Áo dài, Áo bà ba

West Asia

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Armenia – Armenian dress (taraz) includes the arkhalig (long jacket), arakhchin, burka, chokha, kalpak, papakha, shalvar
Azerbaijan – Azerbaijani traditional clothing include the arkhalig, chokha, kelaghayi, kalpak
Cyprus – Zimbouni (waistcoat), vraka (men's breeches), and saiya (women's formal festival dress)
- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus – Cepken (yelek) vest, salta, yazma, potur, boynuz kemer
Israel – A national symbol of Israel is the tembel hat; the sudra, gargush, the Hasidic rekel, the Sephardi kavese^[31] (hat); biblical sandals, see also Jewish religious clothing
Iran – Chador, turban, thawb (dishdasha/kameez), zardozi, battoulah; Kurdish clothing, including Sanjabi selte (jacket), chokho-raanak (trousers)
Iraq – Assyrian clothing, keffiyeh, Hashimi Dress, bisht, dishdasha, Kurdish clothing, agal
Jordan – Keffiyeh, bisht, thawb, Bedouin clothing
Lebanon – Tantour, labbade, sherwal, keffiyeh, taqiyah
Kuwait – Dishdasha, keffiyeh
Oman – Dishdasha, khanjar, keffiyeh
Palestine – The keffiyeh, a symbol of Palestinian identity. The thawb, its most popular styles being from Bethlehem and Ramallah decorated with traditional Palestinian embroidery.
Qatar – Thawb, keffiyeh
Saudi Arabia – Thawb, ghutrah, agal, bisht, abaya, jilbab, niqab, Hejazi turban
Syria – Dishdasha, sirwal, taqiyah, keffiyeh
Turkey – Kalpak, yazma, kaftan, turban, salvar, Çarık, Cepken-Yelek, Boynuz Kemer – Horn belt
United Arab Emirates – Kandura, thawb, abaya; older women would still wear the battoulah visor
Yemen – Thawb, izaar, turban, jambiya, niqab

Europe

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Balto-Slavic Europe

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Belarus – slutsk stash, the national type of wimple (namitka)
Bulgaria – Every town has its own design of a national costume (nosia), with different types of clothing items traditional for each of the ethnographic regions of the country.^[32]^[33]
Czech Republic and Slovakia – kroje
Croatia – Croatian national costume, Lika cap, Šibenik cap
Georgia – chokha (every region has its own specific design of Chokha), Papakha
Latvia – Latvian national costumes (tautastērpi) vary by region^[34]
Lithuania – Aukštaitija, Žemaitija, Dzūkija, Suvalkija, and Klaipėdos (Mažoji Lietuva) have related but distinguishable folk dress^[35]
Montenegro – Montenegrin cap
North Macedonia – Macedonian national costume
Ossetia – Chokha
Poland – czamara, żupan, kontusz, rogatywka; there are many regional styles, including those of Łowicz, Kurpie Zielone, Biłgoraj, Lachy Sądeckie, Kraków, Podhale, Szamotuły, and Kaszuby^[36]
Russia – many types, including bast shoes, Boyar hat, Ryasna, Sarafan,^[37] Kaftan, Kokoshnik, Kosovorotka, Ushanka, Valenki; (Sami) Gákti, Luhkka for colder weather
- Caucasus republics (for example, Chechnya, North Ossetia-Alania and Adygea) – Chokha, Papakha, Ushanka in cold weather
- Mordovia – Mordovian national costume
Serbia – Every region has different design of a national costume. Serbian traditional clothing, Lika cap, Montenegrin cap, Opanci, Šajkača, Šubara
- Kosovo – Traditional clothing of Kosovo, Qeleshe, Tirk, Xhubleta, Xhamadan, Opinga
Slovenia – Gorenjska narodna noša
Ukraine – national costumes of Ukraine include the Vyshyvanka, Sharovary, Żupan, and Ukrainian wreath^[38]

South Germanic Europe

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Austria – Each state has a specific design on national costume; the most famous is that of Tyrol, consisting of the characteristic Tyrolean tracht and dirndls.
Belgium – Bleu sårot (Wallonia)
Germany – Every state has its own specific design of a regional costume (Tracht). For example, Bavaria's well-known tracht: Lederhosen and Dirndl. Many stereotypes that foreigners have regarding German folk costumes (as well as other customs) actually come from the state of Bavaria.
Hungary – elements of Hungarian folk costumes include pendely (linen underskirt), gatya (pleated skirt-like pants), elejbőr (sheepskin vest-like item), kacagány (fur pelt), and ködmön (sheepskin coat)^[39]
Liechtenstein – Tracht, Dirndl
Netherlands – Many areas, villages, and towns used to have their own traditional style of clothing. In the 21st century, only a few hundred people still wear traditional dresses and suits on a daily basis. They can be found mainly in Staphorst (about 700 women), Volendam (about 50 men) and Marken (about 40 women). Most well-known parts of Dutch folk costumes outside the Netherlands are probably the Dutch woman's bonnet and klompen.
- North Brabant – poffer
Switzerland – Every canton has a specific design of national dress.
- German-speaking Cantons – Appenzell, Bern and Zug

Northern Europe

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Denmark – Folkedragt
- Faroe Islands – Føroysk klæði
- Greenland – Anorak
England – English country clothing, Morris dance costumes, English clogs
- Northern England – Maud, Flat cap
  - Lancashire – Lancashire shawl, clogs
  - Northeast – Rapper dance costumes, Northumberland kilts and tartan
- Southern England – Smock
  - Cornwall – Sou'wester hat, fisherman's smock, gansey, bal-maiden clothing, Cornish kilts and tartans
  - London – Pearly kings and queens
Estonia – Rahvarõivad,^[40] also known as rahvariided
Finland – Every region has its own specific design of national costume (kansallispuku, nationaldräkt). These vary widely. Many of them resemble Swedish costumes, but some take influences from Russian costumes as well. For the Sami in Finland, each place has its own Gákti or Luhkka for colder weather.^[41]
Iceland – Þjóðbúningurinn
Ireland – Aran sweater, Irish walking hat, flat cap, Grandfather shirt, Galway shawl, brogue, Irish stepdance costume
Norway – Every county (including Svalbard, which isn't a county) has a designated style of folk costume, or Bunad; the most famous bunader come from Hardanger and Setesdal; Sami: Gákti, and for colder weather, Luhkka^[42]
Scotland – Highland dress: Kilt or trews, tam o'shanter or Balmoral bonnet, doublet, Aboyne dress, and brogues or ghillies.
- Scottish Lowlands – Maud, blue bonnet
Sweden – the traditional folkdräkt has been specific to the local region and varied from province to province but has since 1983 been supplemented by an official National Costume, Sverigedräkten [sv], common for all;^[43] first unisex design in 2022: Bäckadräkten;^[44] 18th century: Nationella dräkten; Sami: Gákti, Luhkka for colder weather^[43]
Wales - The Traditional Welsh costume is often worn by women on Saint David's Day or by folk dancers, such as at the Eisteddfod; the dress was believed to have historically been worn more commonly by women in rural Wales.

Graeco-Latin Europe

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Albania – Albanian Traditional Clothing, Fustanella, Tirq, Xhamadan, Opinga
Andorra – Barretina, espadrilles
France – Every administrative region has a style of folk costume, varying by department.
- Brittany – Breton costume, varying by department and predominantly used in Cercles celtiques, pardons and festivals.
- French Basque Country – Beret, espadrille
Greece – Fustanella, Breeches (Vraka), Amalia costume.
- Greek fisherman's caps in many coastal villages by the Aegean Sea.
Italy – Italian folk dance costumes
- South Tyrol – Tracht and Dirndl
- Sardinia – Every town has its design of the traditional folk costume (see also Sardinian people for more information).
- Sicily – Coppola, Arbereshe costumes
Malta – Għonnella
Portugal – Every region has its own specific design of a national costume. The most famous costumes come from Viana do Castelo and Nazaré.
Romania and Moldova – Romanian dress
Spain – Every autonomous region has its own national costume.
- Andalusia – Sombrero cordobes, traje de flamenca, traje de luces, montera
- Basque Country – Beret, espadrilles
- Canary Islands – Every island has its specific style of traditional dress. Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre designed a costume in Gran Canaria in 1934 to serve as pan-islander costume for all islands, but only caught on in Gran Canaria, being specific to its capital city Las Palmas.
- Catalonia – Barretina, Faixa
- Galicia – Each province has its regional costume.

Oceania

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Australia and New Zealand

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Australia
- Aboriginal Australians – fibercraft-made clothing, possum cloak
- European Australians – cork hat, bushwear: Moleskin trousers, bush shirt, Akubra slouch hat, Driza-Bone coat, Australian work boots
- Torres Strait Islands – Augemwalli
New Zealand
- Māori – Piupiu, korowai or kakahu huruhuru.
- New Zealand Europeans – Swanndri bush jacket, slouch hat, walk shorts, and knee-high socks; or a black singlet and rugby shorts.

Melanesia

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Fiji – Sulu, chamba (sulu i ra), tapa cloth (called masi), i-sala, kuta (specifically in the village of Dama, Bua Province), bula; saree, shalwar kameez, and other Indo-Fijian traditional and religious clothing originating in South Asia^[45]
New Caledonia – Manou, robes mission^[46]
Papua New Guinea – Meri blaus, lap-lap, koteka, bilum (traditional string bags),^[47]^[48] grass covers^[48]
Solomon Islands – Tapa cloth,^[49]^[50] grass skirts, kap-kap,^[51] breastplates (called tema, tambe, or tepatu),^[52] kabilato, aba obi (women), fo'osae (men)^[53]
Vanuatu^[54] – Aelan dress, lap-lap

Micronesia

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Federated States of Micronesia – Lap-lap (male), Grass skirt (female)
Palau – Lap-lap (male), Grass skirt (female)

Polynesia

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Cook Islands – Pareo
French Polynesia – Pareo
Hawaii – Aloha shirt, Muumuu, Holokū, Pāʻū (skirt; can be made of kapa cloth or grass; modern variations are textile cloth-based with Hawaiian leaf and flower motifs), Malo (loincloth)
Samoa – Lavalava, Puletasi, 'ie toga clothing
Tonga – Tupenu, Ta'ovala, Tapa cloth

Gallery

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Africa

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Modern illustration of an Ancient Egyptian men's tunic in a style popularized in the New Kingdom
Egyptian musicians wearing galabiyat
Traditional Tunisian clothing, including safasir
Traditional gandoura, also called djebba fergani, from Algeria
Moroccan women wearing takshita in 1939
A drummer wearing a dashiki in Accra, Ghana
A group of Nigerian women wearing pagne
A Yoruba man in a traditional agbada
Toghu or tugh, the official traditional regalia of Cameroon
Tigrinya women dancing in traditional zurias in Eritrea
Variety of cultural dress of the Oromo people in Ethiopia
A kitenge dress from Kenya
A Maasai woman in her finest clothes
Baganda people in their cultural outfits. Men put on Kanzu, and ladies Ggomeesi in Uganda
Rwandan dancers wearing imishanana
Malawian women wearing kitenge fabric
Mozambican woman wearing a capulana
Zulu traditional attire in South Africa
Basotho women wearing traditional blankets in Lesotho
Xhosa women wearing Shweshwe fabric in South Africa
Kamntole clothes in Seychelles
A Sakalava musician in Madagascar wearing a traditional lamba

Asia

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Examples of ancient Babylonian dress
Ancient Assyrian clothing
Gulf Arabs wearing traditional 'athwaab and culturally-specific headwear in Oman
Traditional Yemenite Jewish gargush
Yemeni women wearing abayat
Woman from Ramallah wearing traditional Palestinian dress, including a taqsireh and smadeh (c. 1929–1946)
Armenian women wearing arkhaligs
Traditional Azerbaijani dress, including kelaghayi
An Iranian family celebrating Nowruz in their traditional ethnic attire
Afghan children wearing traditional clothes in Kabul
A group of Baloch men wearing traditional dress, including Balochi shalwar kameez
A variety of cultural clothing from across India, but common throughout the Indian subcontinent, including lehengas, cholis, salwar kameez, and dupatta
A Bangladeshi bridal handloom sari
Thai traditional dress
Two Malay women wearing Baju Kurung
Cambodian Sompot Chong Kben
Vietnamese traditional áo ngũ thân
Hmong girls in Vietnam wearing traditional dress
Indonesian girl wearing traditional Palembangese songket
A two Filipina wearing a Maria Clara gown or traje de mestiza 1899
Visayan women wearing Baro't saya featuring their skirt patadyong while performing in festival dance
Paiwan and Rukai people in Sandimen, Pingtung County, Taiwan celebrate a harvest festival in traditional dress
Amis/Pangcah tribe members (from the Fata'an group) performing a group dance at the 2016 Amis Music Festival in Dulan, Taiwan
An example of traditional dress in China
Women wearing ruqun in China
National costume of Mongolia (deel)
Tuvan horse-riders wearing deel
A woman and man wearing traditional Korean hanbok
Japanese women wearing Kimono

Europe

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Statues of a woman and man wearing Ancient Greek himation
An example of Greek folk dress
Turkish folk dancer in traditional dress
Bulgarian traditional folk costume
Romanian teens in traditional dress
Hungarian women in folk dress
A traditional Slovak kroj
Young women in German dirndls
A man and woman wearing regional Łowicz-style folk dress in Poland
An example of Russian festive folk dress, including a rubakha (shirt), poneva (skirt), perednik (apron), and platok (shawl)
Girls wearing regional Aukštaičių-style folk dresses in Kaunas
Norwegian woman wearing bunad
Faroese folk dance club with some members in national costumes
A modern Scottish kilt and sporran
English dancers wearing Morris folk dress
Traditional Breton headwear worn by women and girls
Man wearing a zamarra, a sheepskin coat traditionally worn by Basque shepherds
Andalusian women wearing trajes de flamenca
Example of a traditional Maltese għonnella, or faldetta, once ubiquitous in Malta but no longer worn today
A young Italian woman in traditional Ciociaro dress (c.1869)

North America

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Two Inuit women wearing amautiit (skirted style, akuliq) in Nunavut (1995)
Chief Anotklosh (Taku) wearing a Chilkat robe in Juneau, Alaska (c. 1913)
Alaska Native dancer performing in a kuspuk
Cowichan sweater featuring the Thunderbird design
Unidentified Plains Cree at a powwow in Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan
A Siksika Blackfoot capote; the capote is seen as the traditional coat of the Métis, some Prairie First Nations and French-Canadian Voyageurs
Winnemem Wintu chief Caleen Sisk in traditional dress (2009)
A modern-day Cheyenne dog soldier wearing a feathered headdress during a powwow at the Indian Summer festival in Henry Maier Festival Park, Milwaukee
Texan folk costume comprising cowboy hats, jeans and checked western shirts (c.1950).
Ulster-American folk costume worn in a museum in Northern Ireland; Ulster Americans primarily lived in the Appalachian region
An Amish family in traditional plain dress
Quezquémetl of the Huasteca Potosina
China Poblana dress, emblematic of Puebla and sometimes considered the national costume of Mexico
Dancers wearing traditional tehuana of Oaxaca
Young Mayan women in traditional dress in Antigua, Guatemala
Mayan folk clothing in Guatemala
An Ixil huipil tunic with a skirt, belt, and shawl (mid to late 20th century)
Pipil women dancing in the traditional Procession of Palms in Panchimalco, El Salvador
Two women wearing pollera in Panama
Emberá women in a parade in Chitré, capital of Herrera Province, Panama
Women wearing the quadrille dress, greeting the British royal family in Jamaica
A woman wearing a traditional Guadeloupean dress

Oceania

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Noongar traditional dancers in Perth, Australia
Māori man wearing a korowai and piupiu
A kapa haka performing the warrior challenge in traditional piupiu at the swearing in of the 21st Governor-General of New Zealand
Māori poi performance in traditional dress
Samoan women wearing puletasi
A Samoan woman wearing a lavalava in Apia
Samoan canoe performers in traditional dress
Tongan college students performing the kailao dance (1988)
Tongan newlyweds wearing their wedding taʻovala
Young boys wearing traditional Tongan tupenu
Hawaiian musicians wearing traditional dress, including a muumuu
Hula kahiko performance at the pa hula in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Tahitian woman in festive regalia (ca 1906)
Traditional music, dance, and dress of the Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
People performing a welcome ceremony in traditional dress on the Ulithi atoll
Yapese men in traditional dress celebrating Yap Day
Traditional dress during a ceremony in Palau to celebrate a first time mother
Kanak women wearing Robes mission
Huli Wigman from Papua New Guinea in festive regalia
Examples of traditional dress in Fiji
Men wearing traditional nambas during a N'gol ceremony on Pentecost Island, Vanuatu (1992)

South America

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Guna women wearing Molas
A Guna woman wearing a Mola
A Surinamese woman wearing the traditional koto (c. 1910)
Maroon woman wearing a pangi in Suriname (ca. 1900–1910)
Wayuu women in the Guajira Peninsula, which comprises parts of Colombia and Venezuela
Guambía people relaxing in Colombia
A Cumbia (Colombia) dancer holding a Sombrero vueltiao
Shaman of the Cofán people from the Amazon rainforest in present-day Ecuador
Alicia Cawiya, vice-president of the Huaorani Nation of Ecuador, in traditional dress
Quechua women in festive dress on Taquile Island on western Lake Titicaca in Peru
A Peruvian man in traditional dress
A Mapuche man in present-day Chile
A Chilean huaso man wearing a chupalla and manta, or chamanto (1940)
Mapuche women from Tirúa (2015)
An Indigenous woman in traditional dress near Cochabamba, Bolivia
Baiana dress from Brazil
Women wearing baiana dresses in Salvador, Bahia
Enawene Nawe man from Mato Grosso
Pataxó man at the ninth edition of the Indigenous Peoples Games in Brazil
Young Terena woman at the closing ceremony of the Indigenous Peoples Games in Brazil
Kuikuro men at the closing ceremony of the ninth edition of the Indigenous Peoples Games in Brazil
Félix Díaz, a Qom leader, meets with Argentina President, Mauricio Macri wearing traditional dress
Argentinian man wearing Gaucho clothes

NotesOpinion

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Traditional clothing.

^ See wikt:costume#Usage notes^{[better source needed]}
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^ Higgins, Julissa (7 May 2018). "Opinion: Why It's Time to Stop Using the Word "Garb"". The Fashion Studies Journal. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Martinez, Gimeno; Leerssen, Joep (2022). "Dress, design: Introductory survey essay". Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe. Amsterdam: Study Platform on Interlocking Nationalisms. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
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^ Lhamo, Passang (April 2, 2019). "Driglam Namzha: Why The Bhutanese Do What They Do". Daily Bhutan. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
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^ ^a ^b ^c Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Eastern Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Southern Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Kanungo, Pallavi (February 23, 2023). "Ohorokova: The African attire born out of protest". HT School. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Western Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
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^ ^a ^b Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Central Asia". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Many stereotypes that foreigners have regarding Chinese folk costume (and other customs) actually come from only the Han Chinese.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in South Asia". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Al Mamun, Abdullah (May 28, 2023). "Traditional Dress of Bangladesh That Reflect Our Culture and Heritage". Bangladeshi Heritage. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
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^ Sawe, Benjamin (April 25, 2017). "What Are Examples Of Traditional Indian Clothing?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Southeast Asia". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Phelan, Miriam (18 August 2017). "Sephardi Dress". Jewish Museum London. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Носиите – Жеравна 2014". Nosia.bg. 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
^ "Български народни носии – България в стари снимки и пощенски картички". Retrobulgaria.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
^ "Latvian National Costumes". The National Costume Center SENĀ KLĒTS. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
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^ "Traditional Dress". The Museum of Russian Art. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ National Center of Folk Culture "Ivan Honchar Museum". "Get the Ukrainian Look: Ukrainian Folk Dress". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ Béni, Alexandra (January 18, 2018). "Get to know the invaluable Hungarian folk costumes". Daily News Hungary. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
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